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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 37 (1998), S. 195-195 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 12 (1973), S. 550-558 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Viskositätsmessung an Polymerschmelzen unter hohen Schergeschwindigkeiten treten strömungsdynamische und Wärmeübergangsprobleme in Erscheinung. Kegel-Platte-Rheometer sind nur bei relativ geringen Deformationen brauchbar, weil bei höherer Scherbeanspruchung die Meßsubstanz infolge Sekundärströmungserscheinungen bzw. Trägheitskräften aus dem Meßspalt austritt. Bei Kapillarrheometern ergeben sich unter hohen Scherbedingungen gravierende radiale Temperaturgradienten und Fließinstabilitäten. Die gleichen Probleme finden sich, wenn das Verhalten von Schmelzen bei oszillatorischer Beanspruchung mit großer Scheramplitude untersucht werden soll. Allerdings ist diese Beanspruchungsart besonders geeignet, wenn die nicht-lineare Viskoelastizität studiert werden soll — und viele praktische Strömungsverhältnisse lassen sich durchaus nicht im Rahmen der linearen Viskoelastizitätstheorie behandeln. Es wurde ein robustes Rheometer vom Couettetyp entworfen, mit dem die Scherviskosität bei hohen Schergeschwindigkeiten gemessen werden kann und das ebenso für Oszillationsversuche mit großer Scheramplitude geeignet ist. Der stetige oder oszillatorische Antrieb erfolgt auf den äußeren Zylinder, während am inneren, ruhenden Zylinder das übertragene Drehmoment gemessen wird. Besonderer Wert wurde bei dem Entwurf des Rheometers den Problemen beigemessen, die sich durch hydrodynamische Stabilität, Beschleunigungsvorgänge, Wärmeentwicklung sowie Endeffekte ergeben. Die endgültige Form des Rheometers ist in den Augen der Autoren ein vernünftiger Kompromiß zwischen der Minimierung der genannten Einflüsse und den praktischen Voraussetzungen, daß ein Rheometer nicht zu teuer ist, aber einfach zu bedienen sein muß. Die Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse solcher Oszillationsversuche ist einigermaßen problematisch. Der resultierende Spannungsverlauf ist zwar periodisch, aber nicht sinusförmig, so daß die Methoden der linearen Viskoelastizität nicht anwendbar sind. Obwohl sich mehrere Möglichkeiten anbieten, dürfte die beste Darstellungsmethode der Ergebnisse durch die Auftragung der Spannung in Abhängigkeit von der Scherung bzw. der Schergeschwindigkeit gegeben sein. Dieses ergibt geschlossene Kurven, deren besonderes Aussehen durch die Eigenschaften des Testmaterials gekennzeichnet ist.
    Notes: Summary If one wishes to measure the viscosity of a polymer melt at high shear rates there are substantial fluid dynamical and heat transfer difficulties. Cone-plate instruments are limited because of secondary flows and because the fluid tends to leave the gap. In capillary-flow instruments, there are substantial radial temperature gradients and the possibility of flow irregularities. Similar difficulties are met in trying to study the response of melts to large-amplitude oscillatory shear, and fluid inertia must be added to the list. However, large-amplitude oscillatory shear is a test which is useful for studying non-linear viscoelasticity, and many flows of practical importance involve deformations outside the range of validity of the assumptions of linear viscoelasticity theory. A heavy duty rheometer has been designed in which shear viscosity can be measured at high shear rates, and which can also be used for large-amplitude oscillatory shear tests. The melt is sheared between concentric cylinders; the torque on the inner, stationary cylinder is monitored while the outer cylinder either rotates at steady speed or oscillates. The shear rate of frequency and amplitude are continuously variable over wide ranges. Careful consideration was given to the problems posed by hydrodynamic stability, fluid acceleration, heat generation and end effects, and the final design represents what the authors feel is a reasonable compromise between minimizing the influence of these factors and the basic practical requirement that the instrument have a reasonable cost and uncomplicated operating procedure. In large-amplitude oscillatory shear, the interpretation of the experimental results poses special problems. The stress response is periodic, but not sinusoidal so that it is not possible to apply the methods of linear viscoelasticity. A number of possibilities suggest themselves, but it has been concluded that the best method of representation involves the plotting of stress versus strain or rate-of-strain. This results in closed curves which have distinctive shapes depending on the basic nature of the fluid response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 21 (1982), S. 475-477 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Wall shear stress ; transducer ; molten polymer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Present rheometrical techniques are inadequate for the measurement of viscoelastic properties associated with shearing at high rates. A possible solution to this problem is to use a sliding plate rheometer together with a device for measuring the local wall shear stress away from the ends and edges of the plates. Such a device has been constructed, and the results of preliminary tests are encouraging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 29 (1990), S. 519-522 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Rheometers ; on-line ; in-line ; non-Newtonian fluids ; suspensions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Process rheometers are useful as process sensors for on-line quality control as well as for process control. Unlike passive sensors for equilibrium properties, such as temperature and pressure, a rheometer must subject the material of interest to a controlled deformation while monitoring the resulting stress. To accomplish this in a compact, robust device suitable for use in a manufacturing environment is not straightforward. Problems that arise in processing applications include the need for frequent sample renewal without interference from the measurement or the process itself and the fact that the process stream is usually under pressure. Considerable ingenuity has been applied to developing rheometers to meet these requirements. However, there remain many potential applications for which presently available units are not suitable. In particular, special problems arise when a very fast response is required, when the fluid being processed is non-Newtonian or has a very high viscosity, and when it is a multiphase system, as for example in the case of mineral slurries. In addition, in food processing and fermentation applications, all the exposed surfaces of the rheometer must be sterilizable. Possible solutions to these problems are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel sliding plate rheometer has been developed that is suitable for use with molten plastics, concentrated polymer solutions, raw elastomers, and other viscoelastic or thixotropic materials. It can generate steady shear rates from 0.05 to 500 s-1 and can also be used to measure linear viscoelastic properties. In addition, it can be used to measure a broad spectrum of nonlinear viscoelastic properties such as the nonlinear relaxation modulus and the shear stress growth coefficient. In order to measure these nonlinear properties it is necessary to generate large, uniform, transient deformations Involving high strain rates. Rotational and capillary melt rheometers are not capable of generating this type of deformation, and until now it was not convenient to use sliding plate rheometers for this type of application. However, the recent development of a reliable and robust shear stress transducer makes it very convenient to use the sliding plate geometry to carry out all of these tests. The new rheometer is described, and examples of the types of data it can generate are shown.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 745-745 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 807-811 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple, lumped-parameter model has been developed to predict the length and shape of a parison on the basis of experimental swell data and the storage modulus of the resin. The applicability and limitations of the model are demonstrated by comparing its predictions with experimental observations of parison behavior.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 964-973 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The advantageous use of short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (SFRTP) resins in the manufacture of pipe requires that the fiber orientation be controlled and that the surface finish not be adversely affected by the presence of the fibers. It is proposed here that a coextrusion process be combined with the use of a Specially designed, expanding channel die to achieve these objectives. Conventional pipe dies tend to promote the axial orientation of fibers, which has an undesirable effect on the hoop properties of pipe. The use of an expanding channel die promotes fiber orientation in the hoop direction. However, even in this case, there is still a strong component of the shear field near the wall of the die, and in this region, axial orientation still predominates, The use of a three-layer, coextrusion process in which unreinforced resin is used for both the inner and outer layers makes it possible to minimize the shear effects on the fiber orientation in the middle SFRTP layer. At the same time, it provides a smooth, fiber-free pipe surface. A theoretical analysis of this process is presented. The analysis shows that the presence of unreinforced surface layers increases the level and uniformity of fiber orientation. The results of an experimental study of fiber orientation in the middle SFRTP layer are found to be in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the theory.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 705-710 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The measurement of parison swell is difficult because swell is a time-dependent phenomenon and because, for a parison, two independent swell ratios must be determined. A new technique has been developed that makes use of a video camera focused on the end of the parison. Unlike previous techniques designed to measure time-dependent swell, no oil bath is required. The new technique was used to study the effect of molecular weight parameters on the parison swell of high density polyethylene. For a series of blends of two resins having significantly different weight-average molecular weights, the blends exhibited larger swell ratios than the base resins.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 1176-1181 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In certain extrusion operations, particularly the production of plastic pressure pipe, it would be desirable to be able to control the degree and direction of molecular orientation. While dies can be designed to generate various types of orientation, most of this is lost at the die exit due to extrudate swell. It is known that substantial loadings of nonreinforcing filler can inhibit swell, and the objective of this study was to examine the effects of particle size and loading and of the use of coupling agents on extrudatee swell of CaCO3-filled medium-density polyethylene pipe resin. Swell was measured as a function of time by extruding into oil having the same density and temperature as the extrudate. In addition, the storage and loss moduli of all samples were measured, and, the relaxation spectra were calculated. The maximum degree of swell suppression was observed for a compound containing 30 wt. percent of 0.4 micron particles treated with stearic acid. Surprisingly, the use of coupling agent increased the degree of swell.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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