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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 749-756 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Visual vestibular interaction ; Ocular counterrotation ; Afterimage method ; Luminous line ; Neck position receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary On a space mission in March 1992 a set of experiments were performed aimed at clarifying the interaction between visual, proprioceptive and vestibular inputs to the equilibrium system. Using the VESTA goggle facility from the European Space Agency we investigated the effect of pure neck receptor stimulation on eye position as measured by the flash afterimage method and on perception of a head-fixed luminous line in space. Space vestibular adaptation processes were measured by rotating pattern perception during prescribed head movements. It was found that static ocular counterrotation does not occur under micro gravity conditions. This result suggests that the neck receptors apparently do not contribute to a measurable extent. The subjective orientation of a vertical line was perceived correctly inflight. Obviously neck receptors on the perception level can fully substitute for the ineffective equilibrium organs of the inner ear within less than 4 days. The rotating pattern perception during different head motion patterns is not influenced by the absence of a gravity reference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 757-760 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Rotating chair ; Otolith ; Vestibular system ; Asymmetry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two subjects were rotated eccentrically in the manner described previously. In contrast to a normal control group, settings of a luminous line to the subjective vertical were almost unrelated to the gravitoinertial vector before, and totally so shortly after, space flight. Only 3 days postflight did a clear relation to the gravitoinertial vector re-establish itself in the one subject who actually flew. The correspondence became normal 5 days after the flight. Since there were no clinical abnormalities evident in the subjects, it is suggested that both subjects suppressed their vestibular information, presumably as an effect of vestibular deconditioning training before the flight. In addition, as a consequence of the flight experience one subject continued to ignore it several days after the flight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 770-783 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Sedimentation as a function of time may be expressed by the equationH =t n ·t 1 −n and is characterized by the four following parameters: t 1 = retardation of sedimentation by time n = logarithmic quotient of the rate of sedimentation t e = time to reach the end state of sedimentation H e = specific constant of end state sedimentation The end state of the sedimentation is characterized by the specific constant of end state sedimentation. In order to quantify the sedimentation behaviour of a formulation we define a new parameter, i. e. the coefficient of sedimentation rate (=S-WG) The sedimentation rate ranges from 0 (poor sedimentation behaviour) to 1 (very good sedimentation behaviour). Formulations having Newton flow characteristics and a factor which defines the flow behaviourFVF = 1, exhibit a poor sedimentation behaviour, i. e. their coefficient of sedimentation rateS-WG = 0. AtS-WG = 0 the sediments height corresponds to the solids content of the formulation, hardbacking may result. Formulations with a thixotropic structure exhibit pseudoplastic or plastic flow characteristics i. e.FVF 〉 1. The sedimentation of filler particles is retarded by this structure, which is partially destroyed until a certain “stability” has been attained. At this point the sedimentation of solid particles ceases and the end state is reached. Depending on the initial structural strength the formulations have a coefficient of sedimentation rate greater than 0 but smaller than 1. In the end state our powdered iron filler containing formulations demonstrate, regardless of the concentration of thixotropic agent (Aerosil 380) used, a more or less “stable” thixotropic structure, i.e. an identically “stable” sediment is formed. The mean apparent viscosity of formulations at 40 °C is approximately 8 · 105 mPa.s atD = 2 s−1. Sedimentation is accelerated by rising temperature as regards oft 1 andt e but ends in any formulation in the characterized end state of sedimentation, expressed by the specific constant of end state sedimentation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der zeitliche Verlauf der Sedimentation gehorcht der PotenzfunktionH =t n ·t 1 −n. Der Sedimentationsvorgang kann durch die folgenden vier Größen charakterisiert werden: t 1 = zeitliche Verzögerung der Sedimentation n = „logarithmischer Sedimentations-Geschwindigkeitsquotient” t e = Sedimentationsendzeit H e = Sedimentationsendwert Der Endzustand wird durch den Sedimentationsendwert charakterisiert. Um das erreichee Sedimentationsverhalten der Formulierung zu quantifizieren, definieren wir eine neue Größe: Den Sedimentations-WirkungsgradS-WG. Dieser Wirkungsgrad variiert zwischen 0 (schlechtes Sedimentationsverhalten) und 1 (sehr gutes Sedimentationsverhalten). Formulierungen, die ein Newtonsches Fließverhalten aufweisen, mit einem FließverhaltensfaktorFVF = 1, zeigen ein schlechtes Sedimentationsverhalten bzw.S-WG = 0. Die Höhe des Bodensatzes entspricht beiS-WG = 0 praktisch dem Feststoffanteil der Formulierung und ist deswegen schlecht aufrührbar und kann zu „hardbacking” führen. Die Formulierungen, die eine Thixotropiemittel-Struktur aufgebaut haben, zeigen ein pseudoplastisches oder plastisches Fließverhalten bzw.FVF 〉 1. Die Struktur dieser Substanzen bremst die Sedimentation der Füllstroffpartikelm, wobei sie je nach Anfangsstärke so weit nachgibt, his es zu einer ganz bestimmten „Stabilität” gekommen ist. Dann wird die Sedimentation der Feststoffpartikel gestoppt bzw. der Endzustand des Sedimentationsvorganges erreicht. Je nach Anfangsstärke der Struktur erreichen die Formulierungen einen 0 〈S-WG 〈1. Im Endzustand zeigen unsere mit Eisenpulver gefüllten Formulierungen, unabhängig von der Thixotropiemittel-Konzentration (Aerosil 380), ein etwa gleich „stabiles” Thixotropiemittel-Gerüst bzw. einen gleich „stabiler.” Bodensatz. Die mittlere scheinbare Viskosität des Bodensatzes der bei 40 °C gelagerten Formulierungen beträgt ca. 8 · 105 mPa.s bei einem Geschwindigkeitsgefälle vonD = 2 s−1. Mit der Erhöhung der Temperatur wird der Sedimentationsvorgang in bezug auf die zeitliche Verzögerung der Sedimentation und Sedimentationsendzeit beschleunigt, endet aber für eine Formulierung in dem für die Sedimentation spezifischen Endzustand, ausgedrückt durch den Sedimentationsendwert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 18 (1979), S. 168-177 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A graphical method is used to characterize the flow behaviour of dispersed systems. The logarithmic representation of a flow curve consists of one (in the case of Newtonian flow behaviour) or more straight lines. In a particular shear-rate range the formulation behaves like a power law solution. Exceeding this range the formulation flows again as a power-law solution, but with a different exponent, respectively a different gradient of the straight line. According to the graphical arrangement of the different straight lines 4 types of flow curves are obtained, which we designate with slightly modified definitions: Newtonian, structural viscous, pseudoplastic and plastic flow behaviour. This method makes it possible also to conveniently identify the fracture that begins after exceeding a critical shear rate, called fracture shear rate. The fracture can appear as well in formulations with structural viscous as in those with pseudoplastic and plastic flow behaviour.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Versuch unternommen, das Fließverhalten eines dispersen Systems durch eine graphische Auswertungsmethode zu kennzeichnen. In der logarithmischen Darstellung läßt sich eine Fließkurve bei einer newtonschen Flüssigkeit aus nur einer, sonst aber aus mehreren Teilfließgeraden zusammensetzen. In ein-und demselben Schergeschwindigkeitsbereich verhält sich die Formulierung wie eine Potenzgesetzflüssigkeit. Mit dem Überschreiten dieses Bereichs ändert sich aber der Exponent bzw. die Steigung der Teilfließgeraden. Je nach dem graphischen Verlauf der Teilfließgeraden erhält man vier verschiedene Fließkurven-Typen, die wir — mit etwas geänderten Definitionen — folgendermaßen benennen: newtonsches, strukturviskoses, pseudoplastisches und plastisches Fließverhalten. Diese Betrachtungsweise ermöglicht weiterhin eine bequeme Erfassung der Brucherscheinung, die mit dem Überschreiten einer kritischen Schergeschwindigkeit (Bruchschergeschwindigkeit) beginnt. Die Brucherscheinung kann sowohl bei Formulierungen mit strukturviskosem als auch bei denjenigen mit pseudoplastischem und plastischem Fließverhalten auftreten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 30 (1947), S. 592-596 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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