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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Capillary blood flow ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Kinins ; Prostaglandins ; Skelettmuskel ; Kapillardurchblutung ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Kinine ; Prostaglandine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anpassungen des Energiestoffwechsels wie sie im kontrahierenden Skelettmuskel auftreten, werden im Anschluß an die Phase der anaeroben Glycolyse über Änderungen des kapillaren Blutflusses vorgenommen, der Substrate und Sauerstoff für die Energiegewinnung heranträgt. Da zu Beginn der Leistung die Sauerstoffversorgung limitiert ist, scheint Glucose das geeignete Substrat, da sie sowohl anaerob zur Energiegewinnung benützt werden kann als auch pro Molekül Sauerstoff mehr Energie als Fettsäuren liefert. Neben der Glucose werden auch Aminosäuren für eine beschleunigte Proteosynthese und Muskelhypertrophie benötigt. Aus diesem Grunde muß die Erweiterung des kapillaren Gefäßnetzes von einer Modulation der Wirkung von Insulin begleitet sein, das häufig z.B. nach einem Übernachtfasten nur in niedrigen Konzentrationen vorliegt. Dieses Ziel wird auf dreierlei Weise erreicht: 1. Durch Erweiterung des kapillaren Gefäßnetzes, was zu einer verbesserten Versorgung mit Insulin und zu einem größeren Angebot an Insulinrezeptoren führt, 2. durch einen beschleunigten Transport von Insulin durch die kapillaren Gefäßwände, so daß mehr Insulin im interstitiellen Raum und an den Plasmamembranen des Gewebes vorhanden ist. 3. durch einen Effekt auf molekularer Ebene am „Insulin-Rezeptor-Messenger“-Mechanismus. Diese Adaptationen sind Teile eines selbstregulatorischen Prozesses, der durch die Freisetzung von Metaboliten aus dem arbeitenden Muskel in Gang gesetzt wird. Aus neueren Studien gibt es zunehmend Hinweise, daß Kinine und Prostaglandine beteiligt sind. Die ersteren werden bei Bedarf aus ihrem Präkursorprotein Kininogen proteolytisch freigesetzt und tragen als Gewebshormone das Signal des arbeitenden Muskelgewebes über den interstitiellen Raum zur glatten Gefäßmuskelzelle der Kapillaren. Daraufhin werden Prostaglandine aus Plasmamembranlipiden freigesetzt, die als Zellmediatoren zusammen mit den Kininen die verschiedenen Adaptationsmechanismen hervorrufen. Verstärkersysteme dieser Art dürfen nicht nur im Muskel, sondern auch in anderen Geweben eine Rolle spielen, in denen eine adäquate Kinin- und Prostaglandin-Freisetzung unter den verschiedensten klinischen Bedingungen, z.B. im Schock, beim Herzinfarkt, bei Wundheilung etc. für die adäquate Bereitstellung von Sauerstoff, energiereichen Substraten und Aminosäuren als Bausteinen sorgt.
    Notes: Summary Adaptations of energy metabolism, as they occur during contractions of skeletal muscle besides by anaerobic glycolysis are achieved via changes in capillary blood flow providing substrates and oxygen for combustion. Since, initially, oxygen supply is restricted in the working muscle, glucose would seem to be the adequate fuel as it may be used anaerobically and yields more energy per mole of oxygen than fatty acids under such circumstances. Besides glucose, amino acids are also required for accelerated proteosynthesis according to the work load. Therefore, an enlargement of the capillary net has to be accompanied by an amplification of the action of insulin, which is often present in only small amounts, e.g., after an overnight fast. This aim is met in three ways: (1) enlargement of the capillary net with accelerated blood flow increasing the supply of insulin and the number of receptor sites for insulin binding; (2) accelerated transport of insulin through the capillary wall, providing more insulin in the interstitial space and at the plasma membranes; (3) a molecular mechanism directly involving the insulin-receptor-messenger complex, localized at the plasma membrane of the working muscle cell. These mechanisms resemble a self-regulatory process, set in motion by the release of metabolites from the working tissue. From recent studies there is accumulating evidence that kinins liberated from their precursors are involved as tissue hormones by carrying the signal across the interstitial space to the smooth muscle cells of the capillary vessels. Concomitantly, prostaglandins are released intracellulary to bring about, in cooperation with kinins, the various adaptive mechanisms. Amplifying systems of this kind may play a role not only in muscle but also in other tissues where adequate kinin or prostaglandin release would appear beneficial under several clinical conditions such as shock, coronary infarction, would healing, etc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infusion of bradykinin (BK) into the brachial artery in front of skeletal muscle of the human forearm yielding arterial concentrations of about 10−12 mol/l caused not only acceleration of blood flow but also of glucose and branchedchain amino acid uptake into the muscle in healthy volunteers and maturity-onset diabetics. These effects were almost entirely abolished after inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Papaverine, although causing identical acceleration of capillary blood flow, induced no metabolic action. Apart from causing enlargement of the capillary bed, bradykinin has another metabolic effect which was underlined by results obtained in the isolated perfused rat heart, indicating increased glucose uptake at constant rates of coronary blood flow. In order to clarify whether kinins play a physiological role in muscle carbohydrate metabolism, the well-known work-induced acceleration of muscle glucose uptake was studied during the inhibition of kinin liberation from kininogen by application of a protease inhibitor (Trasylol®) and during additional substitution with synthetic BK. The glucose uptake under a defined work load was almost completely abolished by the protease inhibitor; application of BK restored the normal effect. Almost identical responses have been observed concerning the well-known hypoxia-induced acceleration of muscle glucose uptake. Furthermore, insulin-induced acceleration of glucose uptake into the resting forearm was reduced by half when kinin liberation from kininogen was inhibited by Trasylol®; additional application of synthetic BK restored the normal response. From the data presented, one may suggest that kinins are involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism of skeletal muscle, most probably by improving the action of insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of synthetic bradykinin (BK) on disturbed protein and carbohydrate metabolism was studied in chemical and manifest maturity-onset diabetics, in surgical patients and in alloxan diabetic rats. BK,mixed with insulin and injected subcutaneously twice daily in alloxan diabetic rats lowered the morning blood glucose concentration in a dose-dependent way, whereas in a control group treated with insulin only no decrease was seen. Accelerated local blood flow or enhanced vascular permeability as a cause of increased glucose uptake could be ruled out by control experiments using papaverine and eledoisin. Better metabolic control in the BK/insulin-treated group was also indicated by lower arterial levels of free fatty acids and of β-hydroxybutyrate, normalized hepatic glycogen content and better growth of body weight. In healthy man an intravenous infusion of BK (80 μg/h) did not influence normal fasting blood glucose concentrations, whereas elevated glucose levels in maturity-onset diabetics were continuously reduced within 100 min by 12.2±1.4%. A comparable diabetic group receiving saline alone showed no spontaneous drop of blood glucose concentration. An improvement of pathological carbohydrate metabolism by infusion of BK i.v. could also be demonstrated using the intravenous glucose tolerance test in chemical and manifest maturity-onset diabetics and in surgical patients: in all groupsk values of the glucose tolerance test were significantly increased by BK. This effect was neither due to stimulated insulin release nor to changed glucose pool or to increased renal glucose loss, which was even reduced by BK. Interestingly, normalk values in healthy volunteers were not further improved by BK. A stimulated protein breakdown, which occurs after surgery due to peripheral insulin resistance, can also be restricted by intravenous infusion of BK: in surgical patients urinary nitrogen excretion was reduced by 50% during infusion of BK and was accelerated again after cessation of the infusion. These results indicate that BK can improve the efficacy of exogenous insulin in insulin-deficient animals and depressed insulin sensitivity in maturity-onset diabetics and surgical patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: 31P MRS ; human muscle fiber types ; ATP coupling constants ; magnesium complexation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Localized proton decoupled31Pin vivo NMR spectroscopy of the human calf muscle was performed using a 1.5-T whole-body imager and the slice selective two-dimensional chemical-shift-imaging (2D-CSI) technique. The31P-31P coupling constants and the chemical shifts of ATP were compared in gastrocnemius and soleus. Significant differences were found in the coupling constantJ γβ: (18.1±0.7) Hz versus (17.1±0.6) Hz (means ± SD,P〈10−5). Differences were also observed in the chemical shift separation δαβ between the α- and β-ATP signal: (8.498±0.023) ppm versus (8.522 ± 0.022) ppm (p〈0.001) in gastrocnemius and soleus, respectively. Ahigher [MgATP]/[ATPfree] ratio and a significantly higher level of intracellular free magnesium of (0.52±0.06) mM in gastrocnemius versus (0.46 ± 0.05) mM in soleus (p〈0.001) can be derived based on δαβ and K D MgATP . Heterogeneity needs to be taken into account in clinical studies on magnesium by NMR methods in calf muscle. The coupling constantJ γβ provides additional information, possibly on enzymatic processes, and correlates with [Mg free 2− ]. The detailed analysis of muscles with different fiber type characteristics lends support to the significance of this parameter in evaluating metabolism. The data reported can be used as prior knowledge for fits in which the coupling constants are set to a fixed value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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