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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accessing Complexity: The Dynamics of Virus-Specific T Cell Responses (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 18 (2000), S. 561-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cellular dynamics of the immune system are complex and difficult to measure. Access to this problematic area has been greatly enhanced by the recent development of tetrameric complexes of MHC class I glycoprotein + peptide (tetramers) for the direct staining of freshly isolated, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Analysis to date with both naturally acquired and experimentally induced infections has established that the numbers of virus-specific CD8+ T cells present during both the acute and memory phases of the host response are more than tenfold in excess of previously suspected values. The levels are such that the virus-specific CD8+ set is readily detected in the human peripheral blood lymphocyte compartment, particularly during persistent infections. Experimentally, it is now possible to measure the extent of cycling for tetramer +CD8+ T cells during the acute and memory phases of the host response to viruses. Dissection of the phenotypic, functional, and molecular diversity of CD8+ T cell populations has been greatly facilitated. It is hoped it will also soon be possible to analyze CD4+ T cell populations in this way. Though these are early days and there is an enormous amount to be done, our perceptions of the shape of virus-specific cell-mediated immunity are changing rapidly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.561
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell Mediated Immunity in Virus Infections[R.M. Zinke] (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-170.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Nobel Lectures in Immunology The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1996 awarded to (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-149.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment and Persistence of Virus-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Memory (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Immunological reviews 150 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1996.tb00694.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effector CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell mechanisms in the control of respiratory virus infections (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Immunological reviews 159 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rules for T-cell-mediated control of viruses that infect via the respiratory mucosae show both common themes and differences depending on the nature of the pathogen. Virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the key effectors of virus clearance in mice infected with both negative strand RNA viruses (influenza and Sendai) and a DNA virus, the murine γ-herpesvirus68 (MHV-68). Recently completed experiments establish that these activated CD8+ T cells indeed operate primarily via contact-dependent lysis, Perform-mediated cytotoxicity seems to be the preferred mode, though a Fas-based mechanism can apparently serve as an alternative mechanism. Immune CD4+ T cells functioning in the absence of the CD8+ subset cannot eliminate MHV-68 from lung epithelial cells, are somewhat less efficient than the CD8+ CTLs at clearing the RNA viruses, and are generally ineffectual in mice that lack B lymphocytes. Though cytokine secretion by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the virus-infected king may promote both T-cell extravasation and macrophage activation, such processes are not alone sufficient to deal consistently with any d these infections. However, CD4+ T help is mandatory for an effective B-cell response, and can operate lo promote the clonal expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes and spleen. Furthermore, a concurrent CD4+ T-cell response seems to be essential for maintaining continued CD8+ T-cell surveillance and effector capacity through the persistent, latent phase of MHV-68 infection in B cells. Thus, the evidence to date supports a very traditional view: CD8+ T cells function mainly as killers and the CD4+ T cells as helpers in these respiratory virus infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1997.tb01010.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of virus from brain after immunosuppression of mice with latent herpes simplex (1981)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 291 (1981), S. 432-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Male C3H mice 10-12 weeks of age were lip-inoculated with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) (l x 107 plaque-forming units (PFU) of laboratory strain 2) as previously described10. Four weeks later, surviving animals were divided into two groups (1 and 2) of 20 animals each. Groups 1 and 3 (the latter an uninfected ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/291432a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different rules govern help for cytotoxic T cells and B cells (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 276 (1978), S. 829-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 H-2 haplotypes of mice and target cells K A B J E C S D B10.Br,C3H, CBA/J, L cell k k k k k k k k BALB/c, B10.D2, P815 d d d d d d d d C57BL/6, BALB/B, MC57G b b b b b b b b B10.A k k k k k d d d B10.A(2R), 2RSV k k k k k d d d B10.A(3R) b b b b k d d d B10.A(5R), ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/276829a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell-Mediated Immunity in Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 540 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27065.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pas de deux of viruses and CD8 T cells (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Immunological reviews 185 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary: The vertebrate immune system has evolved to deal with parasitic life forms, so it is hardly surprising that experiments with pathogens have proved illuminating for immunology. Those of us who have worked for years with infectious processes are acutely conscious that we do little more than probe the vast ‘experiment of nature.’ There is no place for doctrinaire rigidity in this extraordinarily complex area of biology. Though we have obviously tried to do rational experiments, much of the novelty that has been brought in to immunology from the analysis of the virus-specific host response has, in a very real sense, been the product of what we now call ‘discovery science’. The following relates some of the research that I was involved in personally and attempts to put it in the context of both the history of the field and the events of the time. Virus infections, particularly HIV, pose enormous challenges for the future. It is generally helpful to know a little of what went before.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18505.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat-shock proteins and the γδ T cell response in virus infections: Implications for autoimmunity (1991)
    Springer
    Springer seminars in immunopathology 13 (1991), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2196
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions Macrophages expressing hsp65 mRNA+ and γδ TcR mRNA+ lymphocytes are found at high frequency late in the course of the pneumonia induced in mice by human influenza A viruses. The numbers of the two populations increase in parallel, after the time that infectious virus has been cleared from the lung. The range of TcR genes that are detected is consistent with, although not exclusive to, the pattern found by others for hybridoma cell lines that are reactive to hsp65. Secondary infection (in the absence of neutralizing antibody) greatly enhances both the rapidity and the magnitude of this γδ T cell response for mice that are primed with a different type A influenza virus, but not with an influenza B virus. This could be taken to indicate that the initial infection has induced the generation of influenza A virus-specific γδ T cell memory. However, when the primed σβ T cells are depleted from such mice by treatment with mAb to CD4 and CD8, the accumulation of both the hsp65 mRNA+ macrophages and the γδ TcR mRNA+ lymphocytes is greatly decreased. The results are consistent with the following hypothesis, which is highly speculative and based on limited data. The αβ T cell response that mediates virus clearance induces high levels of hsp65 expression in macrophages, which in turn stimulates the involvement of hsp65-reactive γδ T cells. Lymphokines/cytokines secreted by these γδ T cells then function to maintain macrophage activation, and to retain these macrophages in the respiratory tract after the time that the virus has been eliminated and the αβ T cells are no longer being stimulated. This serves to provide a nonspecific cover to protect the damaged lung from secondary bacterial infection during the process of tissue repair. If this model is correct, any virus-specific αβ T cell response is likely to promote a local hsp65+ macrophage/γδ T cell circuit. Although normally a protective mechanism, such interactions could potentially exacerbate autoreactivity if occurring in sites (e. g., the joint) where inflammatory cells may not be readily cleared by normal, physiological processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225275
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