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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of the conversion of dihydroflavonols into flavonols and anthocyanins in flowers of Petunia hybrida (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 155 (1982), S. 364-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Anthocyanin ; Dihydroflavonol ; Flavonoid ; Flavonol ; Petunia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Petunia hybrida mutants, homozygous recessive for one of the genes An1, An2, An6, or An9 do not show anthocyanin synthesis in in vitro complementation experiments per se (see also Kho et al. 1977). Extracts of flowers of these mutants all provoke anthocyanin synthesis in isolated petals of an an3an3 mutant. Mutants homozygous recessive for one of the genes An1, An2, An6, or An9 and homozygous recessive for F1 accumulate dihydroflavonols in comparable amounts. The synthesis of dihydromyricetin is blocked in an1an1 mutants, which indicates a regulating effect of the gene An1 on the gene Hfl. Similar mutants, but dominant for F1, accumulate flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) instead of dihydroflavonols. Myricetin is accumulated in minor amounts and not at all in an1an1 mutant. Furthermore, the synthesis of this flavonol is not controlled by the gene F1. The synthesis of cyanidin (derivatives) is greatly reduced when flavonols are synthesized (F1 dominant). In mutants dominant for Ht1 and Hf1 and thus able to synthesize cyanidin (derivatives) and delphinidin (derivatives), predominantly delphinidin (derivatives) are synthesized. The results indicate that kaempferol (derivatives), quercetin (derivatives), and delphinidin (derivatives) are the main endproducts of flavonoid biosynthesis in Petunia hybrida.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429466
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxylation of cinnamic acids and flavonoids during biosynthesis of anthocyanins in Petunia hybrida Hort. (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 154 (1982), S. 546-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Anthocyanin ; Cinnamic acid (hydroxylation) ; Flavonoid ; Petunia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of hydroxylation genes on the hydroxylation of intermediates of flavonoid biosynthesis in Petunia hybrida is reported. In mutants homozygous recessive, for the gene An9, dihydroflavonols accumulate. The number of hydroxyl groups in the B-ring is determined by the hydroxylation genes Htl and Hfl. A similar effect of Htl and (probably) Hfl occurs in flavanone-accumulating mutants, homozygous recessive for the gene An3. Mutants dominant for Hfl probably accumulate a 5,7,3′,4′,5′-pentahydroxyflavanone. The mutant W43, homozygous recessive for the gene An5, is blocked in an early flavonoid biosynthesis step. It accumulates p-coumaric acid together with caffeic acid. The hydroxylation genes Htl and Hfl, however, are also homozygous recessive, which indicates that the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid or derivatives of these compounds is not controlled by Htl. The accumulation of caffeic acid was observed in all mutants investigated so far, regardless of which hydroxylation genes were dominant or recessive. We conclude that hydroxylations involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis occur at the C15 level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402998
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of instability inPetunia hybrida (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Periclinal chimeras ; Unstable alleles ; Petunia hybrida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InPetunia hybrida frequent mutations of unstable alleles give rise to different types of periclinal chimeras. If genes expressed in the epidermis, such as the geneAn1 for flower colour, are concerned, mutations in the dermal layer of the shoot apex will result in changes in the phenotype but not in the offspring. Mutations in the subdermal layer will not lead to an altered phenotype, but to changes in the sporogenous tissues and, thus, to deviating segregations in progenies. Therefore, in crossing experiments with such an unstable mutant, it is always necessary to take the possibility into account that the plant may be a chimera, so as to prevent an incorrect interpretation of the recorded segregational ratios. Mutations of unstable alleles expressed in the mesophyll, such as geneYg3 for leaf colour, also give rise to chimeras. In such instances, however, a change in phenotype always involves a change in segregational ratios as well, since both the mesophyll and the sporogenous tissues are derived from the subdermal layer of the shoot apex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662448
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of instability in Petunia hybrida (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 489-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Unstable alleles ; Reversions ; Effect of temperature ; Petunia hybrida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of environmental factors on the reversion rates of several unstable alleles in Petunia hybrida was investigated. It is demonstrated that the reversion frequency of three unstable alleles, viz. an allele of gene An1 and of gene An11, both involved in anthocyanin synthesis, and of gene Yg3 for leaf colour, is drastically reduced when the temperature is raised from 18 °C to 25 °C. For two of the alleles it was established that this temperature effect is reversible. Changing the light period or light intensity did not have an effect on the reversion rate of the unstable allele of gene An11 at 18 °C or at 25 °C. The results found are in contrast with those obtained in earlier experiments, in which a rise in temperature resulted in an increase in the reversion rate of another unstable allele of gene An1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251090
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of instability in Petunia hybrida (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 357-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Unstable mutations ; Transposition ; Anthocyanin ; Repair ; Petunia hybrida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In crossing experiments with Petunia hybrida, new mutations, some unstable, have been found in descendants of plants having an unstable allele of the anthocyanin gene An1. One of the unstable mutations affecting the new anthocyanin gene An11 was genetically analyzed, and it was subsequently established in which step of anthocyanin synthesis that An11 is involved. The discovery of new, unstable mutations at other loci indicates that in Petunia also a relation exists between unstable mutations and the presence of transposable elements in the genome. It was demonstrated that reverted alleles (an1 +/+) originating from unstable An1 alleles are less stable than the original wild-type allele An1, and that reversions do not increase the chances of occurrence of new, stable or unstable mutations at other loci. These results provide additional arguments in favour of the hypothesis posed in an earlier paper that reversions of unstable An1 alleles are not the result of excision of the inserted transposable element, but are due to the repair of secondary mutations induced by the insert in the regulatory region of the locus. Consequently, a reverted allele still contains the inserted element that may again induce mutations leading to inactivation of An1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272875
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of instability in Petunia hybrida (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Unstable mutation ; Transposable elements ; Deletions ; Repair ; Petunia hybrida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A hypothesis is proposed to interpret the results of crossing experiments with unstable mutants of Petunia hybrida having variegated flowers and showing variation in the colour intensity and the degree of spotting of the corolla. It is postulated that the An1 locus, which is involved in anthocyanin synthesis, is composed of a structural gene with an adjoining regulatory region, the latter in turn comprising two components, viz., the ‘mutator’, responsible for the activation of the structural gene, and the ‘expressor’, controlling the rate of activity. Unstable An1 alleles originate from deletions induced by a transposable element inserted within the regulatory region. Such deletions extend from one of the ends of the inserted element across the adjacent DNA and thus may include parts of the ‘expressor’ and the ‘mutator’. Reversions result from repair of the deletions, the inserted element not necessarily becoming lost in the process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272873
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