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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications 235-240 (1994), S. 3347-3348 
    ISSN: 0921-4534
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 63 (1998), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Bone markers — Bone metabolism — Osteoporosis — Geography — Epidemiology.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism (bone markers) are used increasingly to monitor response to therapy and may be predictors of bone loss and fractures. The relationship between fracture rates, which differ between countries, and the rate of bone turnover has not been examined. Therefore, we explored the geographic variability of bone turnover in a selected, healthy study population of 619 postmenopausal women, ages 40–61, participating in a clinical trial of raloxifene hydrochloride for osteoporosis prevention. The subjects were distributed among 38 investigative sites in 10 countries (9–211 subjects/country) on four continents (North America, n = 277, Europe, n = 168, Australia, n = 125, and Africa, n = 49). Specimens for serum osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), and urine type I collagen fragment/urinary creatinine ratio (CTX) were handled in a uniform fashion and assayed in a central laboratory. Mean levels of OC (P 〈 0.001), BSAP (P= 0.006), and CTX (P 〈 0.001) varied significantly by country (ANOVA), with the lowest values typically in German and Spanish subjects and the highest in American and Canadian subjects. The consistent pattern and wide ranges of mean bone marker values (OC 1.6-fold, BSAP 1.7-fold, CTX 3.1-fold) between countries suggest clinically significant differences in bone turnover. Geographic differences in bone markers were not explained by the determined potential confounders of age, years posthysterectomy, total serum cholesterol, and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). We conclude that bone marker values vary substantially by country in this selected study population, suggesting systematic geographic differences in bone metabolism that potentially relate to osteoporotic fracture rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 46 (1997), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lokalanästhetika: Bupivacain ; Mepivacain ; Spinalanästhesie: Anschlagzeit ; Wirkdauer ; single-dose ; Key words Local anaesthetics: bupivacaine ; mepivacaine ; hyperbaric ; Spinal anaesthesia: duration ; onset ; single-dose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: Single-dose spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric local anaesthetic provides profound analgesia and motor blockade and allows exact assessment of the analgesic level. The present prospective, randomised study compares a mixture of plain 0.5% bupivacaine and hyperbaric 4% mepivacaine with hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine with regard to onset time of analgesia and duration of the sensory and motor blockade. Methods: One hundred and twenty-two orthopaedic patients (69 m/53 f, aged 20–91 years) scheduled for elective lower limb surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of two groups. In group 1, 67 patients received a 1:1 mixture of plain 0.5% bupivacaine and hyperbaric 4% mepivacaine (density: 1,015 kg/m3, 37° C). In group 2, 55 patients received hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine (density: 1,021). The lumbar puncture was performed between L3 and L5 using a 26 G Quincke needle through a 20 G introducer with the patients either in the sitting or lateral position. The local anaesthetic was administered with an injection speed of 1 ml per 5 s. Patients with a body height 〈160 cm received 2.0 ml, those 160–180 cm 3,0 ml, and those 〉180 cm 4.0 ml. The level of analgesia was registered every minute by pin-prick until the maximal analgesic level was reached. The time of regression of analgesia to the level of T 12 and regression of the motor block to Bromage scale 3 was registered. The data were analysed using Student’s t-test with P〈0.05 considered as significant. Results: Demographic data did not differ between groups. In group 1, the onset time of analgesia was faster than in group 2 (8±3 vs. 14±5 min, P〈0.001). While in group 1 the onset time of analgesia was faster in patients injected sitting compared to those in the lateral position (p〈0.05), there was no position-related difference in group 2. The groups also did not differ with respect to the maximal level of analgesia and the duration of sensory and motor blockade. Conclusions: The local anaesthetic mixture may be preferred to hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine in patients requiring a fast onset of analgesia associated with a 2–3 h duration of sensory and motor block.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende, prospektiv randomisierte Studie vergleicht eine Lokalanästhetikamischung aus isobarem Bupivacain 0,5% und hyperbarem Mepivacain 4% mit hyperbarem Bupivacain 0,5% in ihrer Auswirkung auf die Anschlagzeit der Analgesie, das maximale Analgesieniveau und die Dauer der sensomotorischen Blockade. Methodik: Hierzu wurden 122 orthopädische Patienten (69 m/53 w, Alter 20–91 Jahre) randomisiert zwei Gruppen zugeordnet. In Gruppe 1 erhielten 67 Patienten eine Mischung aus isobarem Bupivacain 0,5% und hyperbarem Mepivacain 4% im Verhältnis 1:1. In Gruppe 2 erhielten 55 Patienten Bupivacain 0,5% hyperbar. Die Anschlagzeit der Analgesie wurde mittels pin-prick-Test im Minutenabstand bis zum Erreichen des maximalen Analgesieniveaus dokumentiert. Weiterhin wurde die Dauer der sensomotorischen Blockade (Regression der Analgesie bis Th 12, Bromage 3) registriert. Ergebnisse: Zwischen den Gruppen bestanden keine demographischen Unterschiede. In Gruppe 1 (LA-Mischung) wurde das maximale Analgesieniveau mit 8±3 (3–15) min eher erreicht, als in Gruppe 2 (LA-Monosubstanz) mit 14±5 (6–30) min (p〈0,001). Dagegen war das maximale Analgesieniveau mit Th 8±2 in beiden Gruppen identisch. Die Dauer der sensorischen (Gruppe 1: 148±36 min, Gruppe 2: 164±42 min) und motorischen (Gruppe 1: 143±36 min, Gruppe 2: 154±42 min) Blockade war ebenfalls vergleichbar. Schlußfolgerungen: Aufgrund der schnelleren Anschlagzeit bei ansonsten gleichartigem klinischen Wirkprofil ist die untersuchte LA-Mischung bei Patienten, bei denen ein rascher Analgesieeintritt und eine Blockadedauer von 2–3 h angezeigt ist, dem hyperbaren Bupivacain 0,5% überlegen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 44 (1995), S. 826-830 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Effektivität ; Kontinuierliche Spinalanästhesie ; Mikrokatheter ; Punktionsnadel ; Radiologische Dokumentation ; Subarachnoidale Position ; Key words Continuous spinal anaesthesia ; Directional needle ; Effectiveness ; Microcatheter ; Radiological documentation ; Subarachnoid position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The subarachnoid position of the microcatheter has an impact on the outcome of continuous spinal anaesthesia (CSA). The present prospective, randomised study investigated the influence of two different spinal needles on the radiographically documented subarachnoid positions of microcatheters in CSA. In addition, the influence of the subarachnoid position of the microcatheter on onset time of analgesia, dose requirement of local anaesthetics, and level of analgesia was examined. Methods. Forty orthopaedic patients received CSA using a 28-gauge spinal catheter inserted either through a non-directional 22-gauge Quincke needle (group 1) or a directional 22-gauge Sprotte needle (group 2). After initial injection of 2 ml to a maximum of 5 ml of supplemental doses of 0.5% plain bupivacaine, onset time of analgesia at the level of T 10, dose requirement of bupivacaine, and the achieved analgesic level were registered. After surgery, a dye-enhanced AP X-ray film of the lumbar spine was performed for radiological control of the subarachnoid catheter position. Results. There was a higher number of cranial catheter positions in group 2 (60%) compared with group 1 (40%, P=0.037). In contrast to group 1, with 35% caudally directed catheters, no catheter was seen in a caudal position in group 2. Onset time of analgesia (P=0.0002) and anaesthetic dose requirement (P=0.037) were lower in patients with cranially directed catheters compared to patients with the catheters situated at the level of the puncture site or in a caudal position. Maximal analgesic levels were higher in cranially directed catheters compared with other localisations (P=0.022). Conclusions. Sprotte needles provide a higher number of cranially directed microcatheters, which are associated with faster onset of analgesia, lower dose requirement of local anaesthetics, and higher analgesic levels in CSA. The results suggest more effectiveness and probably more safety in microcatheter CSA using Sprotte needles for catheter insertion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende, prospektiv randomisierte Studie untersucht den Einfluß zweier unterschiedlicher Punktionsnadeln, einer nicht direktionalen 22 G Quincke-Nadel und einer direktionalen 22 G Sprotte-Nadel auf die subarachnoidale Position eines 28 G Mikrokatheters. Weiterhin wird der Einfluß der subarachnoidalen Katheterposition auf den Verlauf der kontinuierlichen Spinalanästhesie mit Mikrokatheter untersucht. Hierzu wurden 40 orthopädische Patienten in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt. Gruppe 1 wurde mit der Quincke-Nadel, Gruppe 2 mit der Sprotte-Nadel bei L3/L4 unter standardisierten Bedingungen punktiert. Nach Insertion des Mikrokatheters wurden 2 ml isobares Bupivacain 0,5% injiziert und bis zu einer Höchstdosis von 5 ml nachtitriert, falls das erwünschte Analgesieniveau von TH 10 innerhalb von 20 min nicht erreicht war. Die Anschlagszeit der Analgesie bei TH 10, das maximale Analgesieniveau und die für den Block bei TH 10 benötigte Dosis an Lokalanästhetikum wurden registriert und mit dem χ 2 -Test auf Abhängigkeit von der am Ende der Operation radiologisch dokumentierten subarachnoidalen Katheterposition getestet. Katheter, die durch die Sprotte-Nadel eingeführt wurden, waren häufiger in kranialer Position (60%), als Katheter, die durch die Quincke-Nadel eingeführt wurden (40%, p=0,037). Kaudale Katheterpositionen waren ausschließlich bei Verwendung der Quincke-Nadel nachzuweisen (35%). Bei Kathetern in kranialer Position zeigte sich eine schnellere Anschlagszeit der Analgesie (p=0,0002) bei geringerer Dosis an Lokalanästhetikum (p=0,037) und höherem Analgesieniveau (p=0,022) im Vergleich zu anderen Positionen. Aufgrund der höheren Anzahl an kranialen Katheterpositionen ist die Anwendung der direktionalen Sprotte-Nadel mit einer höheren Effektivität bei reduziertem Risiko für postoperative Komplikationen verbunden und daher für die kontinuierliche Spinalanästhesie mit Mikrokatheter zu empfehlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Phosphoglucomutase ; pgmB ; Aspergillus nidulans ; Carbon metabolism ; Transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated the pgmB gene from Aspergillus nidulans, which encodes a phosphoglucomutase, one of the key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism. The pgmB gene is located on chromosome VII and its ORF encodes 557 amino acids. Mutant phenotypes were analysed by expression of high levels of pgmB antisense RNA, which lead to a loss of detectable levels of sense RNA. Under conditions of antisense RNA expression, a 30% reduction in the growth rate was observed in comparison to wild-type. On the enzyme level, expression of pgmB antisense RNA resulted in a 35% reduction in total phosphoglucomutase activity. Two pgmB mRNAs were observed under all conditions tested and differ with respect to the location of the poly(A) site. Expression of pgmB driven by the GAL1 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae complemented the growth phenotype of a pgm2Δ mutant strain and suppressed the sensitivity of a gcn4Δ mutant strain to amino acid starvation in the presence of galactose. Cultivation of A. nidulans in the presence of glucose or galactose as carbon source did not affect transcription of pgmB. However, amino acid starvation conditions resulted in a six-fold reduction in the level of pgmB mRNA, while genes for amino acid biosynthesis showed increased transcription. Transcription of pgmB was low during hyphal growth and in the sexual phase of development, but was significantly increased during the asexual stage of the A. nidulans life cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Tryptophan synthase ; Aspergillus nidulans ; Amino acid biosynthesis ; Cross-pathway control ; Vacuolar ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tryptophan synthase-encoding gene, trpB, of Aspergillus nidulans was cloned and characterized. It was mapped to chromosome I, between the gene medA, which is required for sexual and asexual development, and an ORF encoding a protein with significant similarity to subunit B of vacuolar ATP synthases. The 5′ untranslated region was found to be at least 142 nucleotides (nt) long, the poly(A) addition site was localized at position +216 relative to the stop codon by sequencing of several independent cDNA clones. The trpB gene contains two exons separated by an intron of 105 nt, which is located close to the 5′ end of the ORF. Directly upstream of the transcriptional start site, one well conserved potential binding site for the cross-pathway control transcriptional activator CPCA was found. The level of trpB transcript was shown to be regulated by cross-pathway control. A knockout mutant for trpB displays tryptophan auxotrophy, no trpB transcript is detectable, and development is perturbed to an extent that is dependent on the amount of tryptophan added to the medium. The trpB gene encodes a protein of 723 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 77.6 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 72.6% similarity to the tryptophan synthase of Neurospora crassa. Most amino acid residues essential for catalytic activity in the tryptophan synthase of Salmonella typhimurium are conserved. The linker region joining the two domains of the enzyme is 13 residues longer than the longest connector found so far in tryptophan synthases from fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Coronary angiography – intravascular ultrasound ; Schlüsselwörter Koronarangiographie – intravaskulärer Ultraschall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Coronary angiography ist considered to be the most important component in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Only the lumen may be visualized using contrast radiography of the coronary arteries, however. With intravascular ultrasound, on the other hand, pathological changes in the vascular wall can be recorded. Despite typical symptoms, an angiographical image of the coronary arteries is sometimes unable to show unambiguous stenotic lesions of the coronary arteries. In such cases, intravascular ultrasound provides a new complementary diagnostic tool for detecting even early forms of arteriosclerosis or angiographically underestimated coronary findings. Two cases are used to illustrate this. In those, angiographic visualization of the coronary arteries was unable to produce an unambiguous finding despite typical clinical symptoms, yet intravascular ultrasound could detect considerable arteriosclerotic wall changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Koronarangiographie gilt als wichtigster Baustein in der Diagnosestellung der koronaren Herzkrankheit. Die Röntgenkontrastdarstellung der Koronargefäße erlaubt jedoch nur eine Darstellung des Gefäßlumens. Dagegen ist es mit dem intravaskulären Ultraschall möglich, pathologische Veränderungen der Gefäßwand zu erfassen. Trotz typischer Beschwerdesymptomatik weist gelegentlich die angiographische Darstellung der Koronararterien keinen eindeutigen Befund im Sinne einer stenosierenden koronaren Herzkrankheit auf. In diesen Fällen ermöglicht der intravaskuläre Ultraschall neue, ergänzende Perspektiven in der Diagnostik, um gegebenenfalls auch Frühformen der Arteriosklerose oder auch angiographisch unterschätzte Koronarbefunde aufzudecken. Dies soll anhand zweier Fallbeispiele erläutert werden, bei denen die angiographische Darstellung der Koronararterien trotz typischer klinischer Symptomatik einen nicht eindeutigen Befund zeigte und erst durch die intravaskuläre Ultraschalluntersuchung bedeutsame atherosklerotische Wandveränderungen nachgewiesen werden konnten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 329 (1987), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Bipolar Ion Exchange ResinsSyntheses of weakly acid/strongly basic and weakly acid/weakly basic bipolar ion exchange resins with varying acid and basic capacities via subsequent introduction of the exchange active groups in suitable crosslinked skeletal polymers are described.Methylacrylate-styrene-divinylbenzene polymers of varying composition which can be quantitatively chloromethylated and subsequently fully aminated (trimethylamine) and partially saponified in one process step were used as starting polymers for weakly acid/strongly basic resins. The reverse route saponification of the ester groups first, followed by chloromethylation of the aromatic parts of the matrix and animation turned out to the possible, if at all, only for bipolar resins of strongly predominant basic character. The capacity parameters can be controlled through the composition of the matrix.Polymethylacrylates crosslinked with divinylbenzene served as polymer basis of the weakly acid/weakly basic bipolar ion exchange resins. The functionalization was achieved by partial aminolysis with polyamines (dimethylaminopropylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine) and saponification with lyes. The number of basic and acid groups which can be introduced is governed primarily by the conditions of the aminolysis. The capacity parameters are controllable within a broad range by the procedures.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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