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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward an evolutionary genomics of the avian Mhc (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Immunological reviews 167 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary: We review recent developments in the ongoing study of the evolution of the Mhc gene family in birds, with emphasis on class II B genes and results from songbirds obtained in our laboratory. Southern blots suggest a surprising diversity in Mhc class II gene number among various songbird species (Passeriformes). We have sequenced ∼30 kb contigs from Mhc-bearing cosmid clones from two species, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and bouse finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), whose demography, lifetime reproductive success, epizootics, parasitology and mate choice are among the best studied for natural populations of birds. Of three genes cloned from these species, only one appears strongly polymorphic, and one (from the house finch) is likely a pseudogene. All are similar in structure to those in chickens, albeit with introns intermediate in length between chickens and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis of available class II B peptide-binding region exons suggests that the overwhelming longterm force operating on avian genes sampled thus far has been post-speciation gene duplication and/or concerted evolution. These and other results suggest that the evolution of class II B genes in birds conforms to a mixture of several models of multigene family evolution proposed for the mammalian Mhc, incorporating ongoing homogenization, duplication and pseudogene formation. Large-scale sequencing studies in these and other species, though still in their infancy, will prove invaluable for studying the comparative structures of avian Mhcs, as well as patterns of selection, mutation and linkage disequilibrium at several scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01386.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESTIMATING DIVERGENCE TIMES FROM MOLECULAR DATA ON PHYLOGENETIC AND POPULATION GENETIC TIMESCALES (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 33 (2002), S. 707-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular clocks have profoundly influenced modern views on the timing of important events in evolutionary history. We review recent advances in estimating divergence times from molecular data, emphasizing the continuum between processes at the phylogenetic and population genetic scales. On the phylogenetic scale, we address the complexities of DNA sequence evolution as they relate to estimating divergences, focusing on models of nucleotide substitution and problems associated with among-site and among-lineage rate variation. On the population genetic scale, we review advances in the incorporation of ancestral population processes into the estimation of divergence times between recently separated species. Throughout the review we emphasize new statistical methods and the importance of model testing during the process of divergence time estimation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150500
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ΔFosB accumulates in a GABAergic cell population in the posterior tail of the ventral tegmental area after psychostimulant treatment (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The transcription factor ΔFosB is induced in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum by chronic exposure to several drugs of abuse, and increasing evidence supports the possibility that this induction is involved in the addiction process. However, to date there has been no report of ΔFosB induction by drugs of abuse in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is also a critical brain reward region. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that chronic forced administration of cocaine induces ΔFosB in the rat VTA. This induction occurs selectively in a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cell population within the posterior tail of the VTA. A similar effect is seen after chronic cocaine self-administration. Induction of ΔFosB in the VTA occurs after psychostimulant treatment only: it is seen with both chronic cocaine and amphetamine, but not with chronic opiates or stress. The expression of ΔFosB appears to be mediated by dopamine systems, as repeated administration of a dopamine uptake inhibitor induced ΔFosB in the VTA, while administration of serotonin or norepinephrine uptake inhibitors failed to produce this effect. Time course analysis showed that, following 14 days of cocaine administration, ΔFosB persists in the VTA for almost 2 weeks after cocaine withdrawal. This accumulation and persistence may account for some of the long-lasting changes in the brain associated with chronic drug use. These results provide the first evidence of ΔFosB induction in a discrete population of GABA cells in the VTA, which may regulate the functioning of the brain's reward mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04110.x
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  • 4
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    Political Heroes and Political Education (1979)
    Boston, Mass., etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The North American Review. 264:1 (1979:Spring) 8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-2397
    Topics: English, American Studies , History
    Notes: FEATURE
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:3197-1979-264-01-000001
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  • 5
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    Unknown
    American Eye: THE REAL CASE AGAINST THE DRAFT (1980)
    Boston, Mass., etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The North American Review. 265:3 (1980:Sept.) 10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-2397
    Topics: English, American Studies , History
    Notes: DEPARTMENTS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:3197-1980-265-03-000017
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of avian genome size and structure in non-avian dinosaurs (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 446 (2007), S. 180-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Avian genomes are small and streamlined compared with those of other amniotes by virtue of having fewer repetitive elements and less non-coding DNA. This condition has been suggested to represent a key adaptation for flight in birds, by reducing the metabolic costs associated with having ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05621
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term unemployment and short-term unemployment benefits: The changing nature of non-employment subsidies in Central and Eastern Europe (1998)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 23 (1998), S. 31-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Unemployment benefits ; replacement rates ; social assistance ; JEL classification: J65 ; I38
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Non-employment rates in all central and eastern European countries have increased dranatically thoroughout the transition and are currently larger than those of the lowest income OECD countries. Non-employment benefits other than unemployment benefits are providing income support to this growing number of able-bodied individuals out of work. Under the present design of unemployment benefits and social assistance, there may be serious incentive problems related to the shift from unemployment benefits to other, means-tested, non-employment benefits and this shift occurs in transition countries at rather early stages of an unemployment spell; these incentive problems are bound to become particularly acute in a less inflationary environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810050012
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics and Phylogenetic Implications of MtDNA Control Region Sequences in New World Jays (Aves: Corvidae) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 51 (2000), S. 97-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Control region — Cooperative breeding — Corvidae — Among-site rate variation — Taxon sampling — Combined data —Psilorhinus morio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. To study the evolution of mtDNA and the intergeneric relationships of New World Jays (Aves: Corvidae), we sequenced the entire mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) from 21 species representing all genera of New World jays, an Old World jay, crows, and a magpie. Using maximum likelihood methods, we found that both the transition/transversion ratio (κ) and among site rate variation (α) were higher in flanking domains I and II than in the conserved central domain and that the frequency of indels was highest in domain II. Estimates of κ and α were much more influenced by the density of taxon sampling than by alternative optimal tree topologies. We implemented a successive approximation method incorporating these parameters into phylogenetic analysis. In addition we compared our study in detail to a previous study using cytochrome b and morphology to examine the effect of taxon sampling, evolutionary rates of genes, and combined data on tree resolution. We found that the particular weighting scheme used had no effect on tree topology and little effect on tree robustness. Taxon sampling had a significant effect on tree robustness but little effect on the topology of the best tree. The CR data set differed nonsignificantly from the tree derived from the cytochrome b/morphological data set primarily in the placement of the genus Gymnorhinus, which is near the base of the CR tree. However, contrary to conventional taxonomy, the CR data set suggested that blue and black jays (Cyanocorax sensu lato) might be paraphyletic and that the brown jay Psilorhinus (=Cyanocorax) morio is the sister group to magpie jays (Calocitta), a phylogenetic hypothesis that is likely as parsimonious with regard to nonmolecular characters as monophyly of Cyanocorax. The CR tree also suggests that the common ancestor of NWJs was likely a cooperative breeder. Consistent with recent systematic theory, our data suggest that DNA sequences with high substitution rates such as the CR may nonetheless be useful in reconstructing relatively deep phylogenetic nodes in avian groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002390010070
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term unemployment and short-term unemployment benefits: The changing nature of non-employment subsidies in Central and Eastern Europe (1998)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 23 (1998), S. 31-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: J65 ; I38 ; Unemployment benefits ; replacement rates ; social assistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Non-employment rates in all central and eastern European countries have increased dranatically thoroughout the transition and are currently larger than those of the lowest income OECD countries. Non-employment benefits other than unemployment benefits are providing income support to this growing number of able-bodied individuals out of work. Under the present design of unemployment benefits and social assistance, there may be serious incentive problems related to the shift from unemployment benefits to other, means-tested, non-employment benefits and this shift occurs in transition countries at rather early stages of an unemployment spell; these incentive problems are bound to become particularly acute in a less inflationary environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205679
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interviewing a Therapist in the Presence of a Couple: A Description of the Therapeutic Process (2000)
    Springer
    Contemporary family therapy 22 (2000), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3335
    Keywords: marital and family therapy ; client/therapist relationship ; clinical interviewing ; process research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A therapy research team interviewed a therapist in the presence of a couple. Following each of six consecutive sessions with a couple, an interviewer posed questions to the therapist and couple. While one question was standard to each interview, other questions were generated by team members who tracked the entire process via live observation. These questions were directed first at the therapist, then at the couple, and then focused on therapeutic process and outcome. Findings of this process for the therapy system included decreasing the hierarchy within the client/therapist relationship; increasing the client ownership and energy in the therapy process; discovering the presence of parallel processes between the systems; and informing the direction of future therapy sessions. Practical, clinical implications are discussed for a variety of therapy settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007733920504
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