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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Kidney ; Urea ; Diluting segment ; Collecting tubule ; Microvasculature ; Lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus caniculus ; Little skate Raja erinacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The renal countercurrent bundles of elasmobranch fish were studied by light and electron microscopy. The kidneys of the lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculus Blainville, and the little skate, Raja erinacea Mitchill, were investigated. Three-dimensional reconstruction with computer assistance revealed the spatial association of the renal tubular segments and their relationships to each other, as well as to the microvasculature. Regular association between structures was assessed by quantification of contact points on histological sections. The bundles contain a hairpin loop of neck segment and the beginning of the proximal tubule, PIa. The limbs of this loop closely adhere to each other, and a second loop (the early distal tubule) coils around the first loop at the tip of the bundle. The collecting tubule runs between the two loops, and merges with the collecting duct inside the end portion of the bundle. A single lymph capillary-like vessel originates from a few blind-ended rami at the tip of the bundle and runs in close contact with the collecting tubule along the entire bundle. This central vessel merges via several side branches with the venous sinusoid capillaries of the peritubular blood circulation. Thereby the central vessel provides a channel for convective flow of NaCl-rich fluid unidirectionally to the venous portal system of the mesial tissue zone of the kidney. By the close spatial arrangement of the collecting tubule and the central vessel countercurrent exchange of urea from the collecting tubule urine to the fluid in the central vessel is feasible. Thus, the spatial organisation of renal tubular segments and the central vessel is considered to represent the morphological correlate to urea retention by the kidney of Elasmobranchii.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 73-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomerulus ; Stenohaline fresh-water teleost ; Salt-water adaptation ; Kidney ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prussian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, were maintained in aquaria with a salinity of 15‰ for 3 months. More than 90% of the glomeruli disappeared from the tissue as a result of the adaptation to saline water. Kidney tissue was excised and prepared for electron microscopy after perfusion fixation in situ. The fine structure of the renal corpuscle was compared with the normal ultrastructure of glomeruli of control fish from fresh-water aquaria. The main alterations include retraction of the endothelium from the basement membrane, widening of the subendothelial region, folding of the thickened basement membrane and epithelial layer, and the dislocation of slit diaphragms. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental stages of mammalian glomeruli and glomeruli from tissue cultures. The structural changes of the rudimentary glomeruli of the carp kept in 15‰ salt water differ from those observed in euryhaline fish from sea water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomerular mesangium ; Kidney ; Tannic acid ; Microfibrils ; Basement membrane ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mesangial matrix of the rat glomerulus was studied by transmission electron microscopy in specimens preserved by a modified technique, which avoids osmium tetroxide but uses tannic acid as a contrasting agent. It can be demonstrated that microfibrils are a major component of the normal glomerular mesangial matrix. They are non-branching tubular structures with a hollow centre, an undefined length and a thickness of ∼15 nm. Microfibrils make up a dense fibrillar network interconnecting mesangial cells and glomerular basement membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 154 (1984), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alcian blue (AB) was applied intravenously to cannulated, conscious Prussian carp. The glomeruli exhibited selective staining with AB. Electronmicroscopy of the filtration barrier revealed dense deposits of AB in the epithelial and endothelial cell coats and in the glomerular basement membrane. The total number of stained glomeruli per kidney was 14,170±578 in fresh water carp, and 6,437±2,114 in carp-adapting to isotonic saltwater $$(\bar x \pm SEM)$$ . The number of stained glomeruli can be correlated with the urine flow (r=0.79,n=10,P〈0.01). In saltwater fish the urine flow was significantly lower than in the fresh water controls (P〈0.01). It is concluded that glomerular intermittency is involved in the control of urine flow in this teleost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental nephrology 2 (1998), S. 85-99 
    ISSN: 1437-7799
    Keywords: podocyte ; glomerular function ; glomerulopathy ; progressive renal disease ; chronic renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over the past few years, podocytes have become a center of glomerular research. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of podocyte cell biology (cytoskeleton, development, replication characteristics), podocyte function (barrier, ultrafiltration coefficient regulation, support) and podocyte pathology. Several characteristics of podocytes are of major relevance with respect to pathology. First, podocytes in the adult are unable to effectively replicate. Second, the failure of podocytes to provide support to glomerular capillaries accounts for the uniform glomerular lesions seen in many glomerulopathies, and third, podocyte loss ultimately underlies the progressive character of chronic renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 151-163 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal glomerulus ; Bowman's capsule ; Basement membrane Bowman's capsule ; Munich-Wistar Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basement membrane of Bowman's capsule (BCBM) of the rat was studied by means of a modified tissue-preservation technique for transmission electron microscopy, which avoids the usual thorough fixation in OsO4 and applies tannic acid and uranyl acetate for staining (Sakai et al. 1986). At most sites the BCBM is multilayered, consisting of one to seven dense layers separated by electron-lucent layers. The latter, which can be termed laminae rarae, contain fine filaments which connect the dense layers to each other and the innermost dense layer to the basal cell membrane of the parietal epithelium. The laminae densae are basically composed of fine filaments arranged in an anastomosing pattern. Individual filaments ranging from 5 to 15 nm in diameter, combine to form filament bundles up to 100 nm in thickness and 1 to 2 μm in length. Within a dense layer, filaments and filamentous bundles are oriented mainly in the same direction. Often the inner dense layers do not form a continuous sheet, and the filamentous bundles are arranged in anastomosing or spiral patterns to form a ribbon-like structure that we call a “microligament”. These microligaments are often embedded in basal furrows of the parietal epithelium and are best developed around the vascular pole. Intracellular actin bundles of the parietal cells are regularly associated with these extracellular ribbon-like structures of the basement membrane. In conclusion, the BCBM has an unusual structure: the laminae densae are characterized by their filamentous nature and are arranged in different patterns, i.e. as a multilayered mat and as microligaments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Adrenergic innervation, renal ; Renal vasculature ; Preglomerular sphincter ; Glomerulus, filtration ; Microcirculation ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The opisthonephric kidney of the rainbow trout was investigated by light- and electron microscopy and a fluorescent-histochemical technique for biogenic amines was used. Preglomerular sphincters at the origin of afferent arterioles are present in this euryhaline teleost. The branching point of the afferent arteriole is characterized by (i) the formation of a right angle with the parent vessel, (ii) circularly arranged smooth muscle cells of the tunica media, (iii) additional circularly arranged smooth muscle cells intercalated between endothelium and tunica media, and (iv) a collar-like arrangement of several large endothelial cells with elaborate marginal folds and abundant myoendothelial junctions. A dense adrenergic innervation displaying specific fluorescence was found along the terminal arterioles and afferent arterioles, and conspicuously at the preglomerular sphincters. These results are suggestive of a neural participation in kidney function. They are discussed on the basis of recent evidence from pharmacological and physiological experiments for neural involvement in glomerular intermittency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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