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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of a possible chaperonin in the efficient expression of a cloned CryllA δ-endotoxin gene in Bacillus thuringiensis (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Bacillus thuringiensis cryllAδ-endotoxin gene is found as the third-gene in a three-gene operon, with a sporulation-dependent promoter lying upstream of the first gene, orf1. We show here that the polypeptide product of the middle gene (orf2) is required for efficient expression of the toxin gene. In the absence of a functional ORF2 polypeptide the toxin does not form the crystalline inclusions characteristic of other known Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. We discuss the importance of this finding with respect to the possible role of chaperonins in the crystallization of these proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb00874.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis CrylA(c) delta-endotoxin in the brush border membrane of the lepidopteran Manduca sexta is aminopeptidase N (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A 120 kDa glycoprotein in the larval midgut membrane of the Iepidopteran Manduca sexta, previously identified as a putative receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis CrylA(c) δ-endotoxin, has been purified by a combination of protoxin affinity Chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. In immunoblotting experiments, the purified glycoprotein has the characteristics predicted of the receptor: it binds CrylA(c) toxin In the presence of GlcNAc but not GalNAc; it binds the lectin SBA; but it does not bind CrylB toxin. N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences obtained from the protein show a high degree of similarity with the enzyme aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2). When assayed for aminopeptidase activity, purified receptor preparations were enriched 5.3-fold compared to M. sexta brush border membrane vesicles. We propose that the receptor for CrylA(c) toxin in the brush border membrane of the lepidopteran M. sexta is the metalloprotease aminopeptidase N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00324.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid, chloramphenicol-resistant, activation of membrane electron transport on germination of Bacillus spores (1977)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 266 (1977), S. 174-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Development of inner membrane oxidase activities during spore germination and outgrowth Oxidase activity Time of germination (min) (nmol of O2 per min per mg protein) NADH DL-a- Glycerol-P L-malate a b a b a b Dormant spore (0) 48 - 〈 2 - 〈 2 - Heat activated ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/266174a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac and its complex with the receptor ligand N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (2001)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 57 (2001), S. 1938-1944 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD-73 is a pore-forming protein specifically toxic to lepidopteran insect larvae. It binds to the cell-surface receptor aminopeptidase N in Manduca sexta midgut via the sugar N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc). By using 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP) as the buffer throughout protoxin activation and chromatography on Q-Sepharose at pH 10.3, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac has been purified in a monomeric state, which was crucial to obtaining single crystals of Cry1Ac and of the Cry1Ac–GalNAc complex. Crystals of Cry1Ac alone are triclinic, with unit-cell parameters a = 51.78, b = 113.23, c = 123.41 Å, α = 113.11, β = 91.49, γ = 100.46°; those of the Cry1Ac–GalNAc complex show P21 symmetry, with unit-cell parameters a = 121.36, b = 51.19, c = 210.56 Å, β = 105.75°. Data sets collected to 2.36 and 2.95 Å resolution, respectively, show that both crystal forms contain four molecules of the 66 kDa toxin in the asymmetric unit and have related packing arrangements. The deaggregating effect of DAP may be explained by its capacity for bivalent hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions at protein interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S090744490101040X
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytotoxicity of a cloned Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis CryIVB toxin to an Aedes aegypti cell line (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 83 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: A cloned CryIVB toxin was purified from a cured strain of Bacillus thurigiensis (BT) ccontaining the cryIVB gene on the recombinant plasmid Cam135. Solubilized protoxin was treated with Aedes gut extract or trypsin for varying times and tested for toxicity in vitro on three dipteran and one lepidopteran cell line. Treatment with the Aedes extract but not trypsin, produced an active toxin which lysed only Aedes aegypti cells out of those tested. This activation was time-dependent reaching a maximum after 6 h. Both the Aedes extract-treated and trypsintreated toxin killed A. aegypti larvae, but this toxicity declined rapidly with increasing time of exposure to the proteolytic preparations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04476.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis CryIVA and CryIVB cloned toxins reveals synergism in vivo (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 94 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When the gene for the mosquitocidal protein CryIVA was expressed in two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cured of their resident δ-endotoxin genes, the protein accumulated as large inclusions. The inclusions produced in the Bt subsp. kurstaki recipient strain were twice as soluble at alkaline pH as the inclusions produced in Bt subsp. israelensis. Solubilized protoxins were activated by treatment with mosquito gut extracts or trypsin for varying lengths of time and tested for in vitro cytotoxicity on cell lines of three genera of mosquito. CryIVA treated with any of the mosquito gut extracts for 6 h showed significant toxicity against Anopheles gambiae cells and slight activity on Culex quinquefasciatus cells. For CryIVB, the only significant cytotoxicity observed was against Aedes aegypti cells after treatment with Aedes gut extract. In in vivo bioassays, both CryIVA, purified from either of the Bt recipient strains, and CryIVB inclusions were similarly toxic to A. aegypti and A. gambiae larvae but CryIVA was 25-fold more toxic to C. quinquefasciatus. Synergism in vivo between the two toxins was revealed when results from assaying single toxins and mixtures were compared. Mixtures of CryIVA and CryIVB proved to be 5-fold more toxic to Culex than either toxin used singly and showed a reduced but similar synergism when tested against Aedes and Anopheles larvae. The synergism was not duplicated in vitro using cell lines from these three insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05290.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrimination of pathogenic clinical isolates and laboratory strains of Bacillus cereus by NMR-based metabolomic profiling (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 242 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Six different Bacillus cereus strains were selected from two different ecotypes: (1) three commonly used laboratory strains that are considered avirulent, and (2) three clinical isolates from meningitis patients. Screening of genomic DNA for the presence of genes encoding known toxins gave no candidate genes that were unambiguously able to distinguish between the two groups. However, the application of multivariate pattern-recognition methods to metabolite profiles derived from the different strains using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (metabolomics) was able to classify the different profiles. The two different ecotypes were clearly separated on the basis of their metabolite profiles, showing that it is possible to use metabolomic methods to classify pathogens on the basis of their expressed physiology, even when it is not possible to infer a direct mechanistic link to specific virulence factors. This metabolomic approach could also have a wide range of possible applications in both general microbiology and microbial ecology for distinguishing and identifying different functional/physiological ecotypes of bacterial strains or species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.048
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of 23 strains from the Bacillus cereus complex for a selection of known and putative B. thuringiensis virulence factors (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 188 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sixteen Bacillus thuringiensis, four Bacillus cereus and three Bacillus anthracis isolates were screened for a selection of known and putative B. thuringiensis virulence factors. PCR primers were designed to detect genes for phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C, immune inhibitor A, vegetative insecticidal protein 3A, a protein proposed to be involved in capsule synthesis, a newly identified Ser/Thr kinase homologue and enterotoxin entS. Motility, the presence of flagella, haemolysis, chitinase and lecithinase production were also evaluated. The widely varying profiles of the 23 strains from the complex provide a pool of different genotypes that can help to identify factors involved in pathogenicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09160.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LOCATION OF METAL IONS IN BACILLUS MEGATERIUM SPORES BY HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON PROBE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 7 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1980.tb01584.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of Bacillus thuringiensis by electroporation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 58 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plasmids were transformed by electroporation into various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis with frequencies of up to 105 transformants/μg. pC 194 transformed all strains tested at a high frequency and cells could be stably transformed with pC194 and pUB110 simultaneously by electroporation with a frequency of 102 pC194 + pUB110 transformant/μg DNA. Low transformation frequencies observed with some plasmids, especially those grown initially in Escherichia coli, could be increased by passage through B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis and an acrystalliferous mutant of the same strain transformed at frequencies of 104–105/μg DNA with most of the plasmids tested. A cloned israelensis 27-kDa δ-endotoxin gene was introduced into the israelensis acrystalliferous mutant and a kurstaki acrystalliferous mutant by electroporation. Both transformants were shown to express the endotoxin gene and to be toxic to Aedes aegypti larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03039.x
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