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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 26 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The stability of physiological activity in the distal colon was investigated by recording 5–6 hours in each of 6 healthy adults. Contractions and myoelectric slow waves were recorded from the sigmoid colon (25–30 cm from the skin surface) and rectum (10–15 cm), and pressure waves were recorded from the proximal small intestine. The activity index (sum of areas of all waves divided by recording time) varied by 200% to 800% across 4-min samples for all motility and myoelectric slow wave recordings. Spectral analysis indicated that contractile activity waxed and waned in a cycle with a period of 40–55 min in the colon and 64–80 min in the small intestine. Myoelectric slow wave activity in the colon cycled with a period of 30–40 min. Contractile activity in the sigmoid colon was correlated with similar activity in the rectum, but myoelectric slow wave activity in the colon was not correlated with myoelectric slow waves in the rectum. The frequency composition of contractions and slow waves was unstable over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sensory stimuli from the visceral domain exhibit perceptual characteristics different from stimuli applied to the body surface. Compared with somatosensation there is not much known about the cortical projection and functional organization of visceral sensation in humans. In this study, we determined the cortical areas activated by non-painful electrical stimulation of visceral afferents in the distal oesophagus, and somatosensory afferents in the median nerve and the lip in seven healthy volunteers using whole-head magnetoencephalography. Stimulation of somatosensory afferents elicited short-latency responses (≈ 20–60 ms) in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) contralateral (median nerve) or bilateral (lip) to the stimulated side, and long-latency responses (≈ 60–160 ms) bilaterally in the second somatosensory cortex (SII). In contrast, stimulation of visceral oesophageal afferents did not evoke discernible responses in SI but well reproducible bilateral SII responses (≈ 70–190 ms) in close vicinity to long-latency SII responses following median nerve and lip stimuli. Psychophysically, temporal discrimination of successive stimuli became worse with increasing stimulus repetition rates (0.25 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz) only for visceral oesophageal, but not for somatosensory median nerve stimuli. Correspondingly, amplitudes of the first cortical response to oesophageal stimulation emerging in the SII cortex declined with increasing stimulus repetition rates whereas the earliest cortical response elicited by median nerve stimuli (20 ms SI response) remained unaffected by the stimulus frequency. Our results indicate that visceral afferents from the oesophagus primarily project to the SII cortex and, unlike somatosensory afferents, lack a significant SI representation. We propose that this cortical projection pattern forms the neurophysiological basis of the low temporal and spatial resolution of conscious visceral sensation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 33 (1990), S. 674-678 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Fecal incontinence ; Anorectal motor function ; Rectal sensitivity ; Anodermal sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anorectal function was prospectively evaluated in 43 consecutive patients with fecal incontinence and in 19 healthy volunteers using manometry and electrical stimulation of the anoderm. Both anorectal motor and sensory function was impaired in incontinent patients as compared with healthy controls. Further statistical analysis identified four subgroups of patients showing different pathomechanisms of fecal incontinence: severe combined anorectal motor and sensory dysfunction, isolated anal sphincter dysfunction, isolated anorectal sensory dysfunction, and combined dysfunction of the internal anal sphincter and impaired anorectal sensitivity. These data support the hypothesis that sensory function of both the rectum and the anal canal is an important and independent factor in the preservation of continence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 36 (1993), S. 1037-1041 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Anorectal manometry ; Transcutaneous electromyography ; Anal sonography ; Defecation disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: A direct comparison of anal sphincter physiology (muscle performance and anatomy-muscle thickness) has not yet been undertaken but may be of importance in patients with defecation disorders. METHODS: We evaluated 15 healthy volunteers by means of anorectal manometry to determine pressure functions of the internal and external anal sphincter. Transcutaneous electromyography was recorded to assess the electrical activity of the external anal sphincter. Thickness of the anal sphincter muscles was measured sonographically from within the anal canal with dorsal projection using a 7.5-MHz 360° rectal panorama scanner. RESULTS: It was shown that neither is the muscle thickness of the external anal sphincter during rest (6.26±1.02 mm) or during squeezing (7.40±1.39 mm) correlated to its squeeze pressure (138.8±15.2 mmHg), nor is the diameter of the internal anal sphincter (2.09±0.58 mm) correlated to its resting pressure (61.1±15.2 mmHg). Finally, the thicker the internal anal sphincter muscle, the lower the electrical activity of the external anal sphincter during squeezing (r=0.74,P 〈0.001). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that both manometry to assess sphincter function and sonography to determine sphincter morphology are important measures in the evaluation of continence function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 37 (1994), S. 997-1001 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Fecal incontinence ; Biofeedback training ; long-term efficacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence has been reported to improve continence in more than 70 percent of patients, but most studies have followed patients for less than two years. METHODS: Patients treated by biofeedback training between 1985 and 1986 were given a questionnaire in 1991, as were incontinent patients who had not entered this treatment program. All were asked for the occurrence, frequency, and severity of incontinence events in the past two weeks. Anamnestic and anorectal manometry data from the initial visit were also compared. RESULTS: Eighteen of 24 treated patients and 40 of 71 untreated patients responded. Of those treated by biofeed-back, 78 percent reported episodes of fecal incontinence as compared with 77.5 percent of those not treated by biofeedback. Severity of incontinence, however, was significantly less (P 〈0.02) in the treatment group (mean number of events, 0.2/day) than in those without treatment (1/day). In biofeedback-treated patients, it was identical with the frequency and severity reported immediately after therapy. No differences were found with respect to initial clinical data and anorectal manometry between both groups. CONCLUSION: Biofeedback training improves continence in patients not only during treatment and within the first two years but also for several years after therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Dysphagia 5 (1990), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Achalasia ; Achalasia, pneumatic dilatation ; Achalasia, return of peristalsis ; Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The changes in esophageal motility after pneumatic dilatation were evaluated prospectively in 51 patients with achalasia. The patients were evaluated for a median of 14 months. Pneumatic dilatation led to a clinical improvement in 41 patients. On manometric evaluation, a significant decrease in lower esophageal sphincter pressure was observed (28.4±14.9 mmHg vs. 13.5±7.2 mmHg; p=0.001); the resting pressure of the esophageal body dropped from 4.8±4.2 mmHg above gastric baseline to 0.1±3.9 mmHg below gastric baseline. After therapy, peristaltic activity was present in 10/51 (20%) patients; in 1 case, complete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter was recorded. Treatment-induced motility changes could not be predicted by clinical history or the lower esophageal sphincter pressure before or after therapy. However, the resting pressure of the esophageal body before and after therapy was significantly lower in these patients in whom peristalsis recurred after therapy than in patients with an unchanged motility pattern. The reappearance of peristaltic activity after pneumatic dilatation was unrelated to lower esophageal sphincter pressure. In conclusion, motility disturbances of the esophageal body in patients with achalasia do not simply reflect the functional obstruction of the lower esophageal sphincter. These findings support the hypothesis that achalasia is not a distinct motility disturbance but should be regarded as part of a broad spectrum of different interrelated esophageal motility disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 6 (1991), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On sait que seulement une minorité de patients atteints d'incontinence fécale déclarent ces symptomes à leur médecin. Les études épidémiologiques basées sur les dossiers médicaux, par conséquent, contiennent un biais de recrutement. Pour évaluer un tel biais dans les études épidémiologiques nous avons évalué prospectivement la présence d'une incontinence fécale dans des groupes de patients sélectionnés avec une incidence élevée prouvée de tels symptomes et comparée avec la même incidence dans un groupe de contrôles sain. Si le patient avouait une incontinence fécale dans le questionnaire, le dossier médical était étudié pour savoir si ces symptomes avaient été notés au cours de l'étude précédente; ceux ci étaient utilisés pour évaluer le nombre de cas non enregistrés si une estimation épidémiologique est basée sur les dossiers médicaux. L'incidence d'incontinences était significativement élevée chez tous les groupes de patients comparés aux contrôles, mais seulement 5% des patients avec une incontinence fécale, quelle qu'en soit le mécanisme, avaient ce syndrome d'incontinence noté dans leur dossier médical. Nous concluons que pour une estimation sur le prévalence et l'incidence d'une incontinence fécale les éléments du dossier médical contiennent un biais de détection qui sous-estime systématiquement la présence effective d'une incontinence fécale.
    Notes: Abstract It is known that only a minority of patients with faecal incontinence report these symptoms to their physicians. Epidemiological estimates based on medical chart data, therefore, may contain a detection bias. To evaluate such bias in epidemiological data, we evaluated prospectively the presence of faecal incontinence in selected patient groups with a proven high incidence of such symptoms and compared it to the incidence in a group of healthy controls. If the patient acknowledged faecal incontinence in the questionnaire, the medical chart was checked to see if these symptoms had been noted during previous work-up; this was used to estimate the number of unregistered cases if the epidemiological estimate is based on medical chart data. The incidence of incontinence was significantly elevated in all patient groups as compared to the controls, but only up to 5% of patients with faecal incontinence, regardless of the underlying mechanism, had these incontinence symptoms noted in the medical charts. We conclude that for the estimation of the prevalence and incidence of faecal incontinence, data from medical charts contain a detection bias which systematically underestimates the real presence of faecal incontinence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 39 (1994), S. 128S 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA ; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION ; PUPILLOMETRY ; HEART RATE VARIATION
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A disagreement exists as to whetherextraintestinal parasympathetic autonomic function isaltered in patients with esophageal achalasia.Therefore, we assessed autonomic dysfunction inesophageal achalasia and considered the most relevant parameters ofparasympathetic autonomic function in these patients. Ina prospective study, heart rate variation and pupillaryfunction were investigated in 15 patients with achalasia of the esophagus and in 15controls by application of a battery of standardizedautonomic function tests. Significant differencesbetween patients and controls were detected for variousparameters of heart rate variation and pupillometry. Whencompared to values obtained from large groups of healthysubjects, none of the controls but 11 patients had atleast one abnormal parameter of parasympathetic autonomic function. It is suggested that inesophageal achalasia parasympathetic dysfunction thatextends beyond the gastrointestinal tract can befrequently detected. This finding supports the view of a generalized alteration of the autonomicnervous system in achalasia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 38 (1993), S. 1953-1960 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary For 20 years now, biofeedback applications in the treatment of fecal incontinence and, more recently, chronic constipation in adults have proven that improvement of anorectal function can be achieved in a majority of patients. Despite this evidence, the definitive mode of action of biofeedback training remains obscure but may include improvement of both motor and sensory functions of the anorectum. In addition, behavioral modification of individual defecatory behavior in these patients may be effective as well. The long-term results of such treatment need to be tested in future research (64).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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