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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the Cell Wall of Staphylococcus aureus, Strain Copenhagen. VII. Mode of Action of the Bacteriolytic Peptidase from Myxobacter and the Isolation of Intact Cell Wall Polysaccharides* (1967)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 6 (1967), S. 906-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00855a035
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic metabolism of primary and secondary forms of Photorhabdus luminescens (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 140 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An oxygen electrode inserted into a dead Manduca sexta larva infected with Heterorhabditis nematodes carrying the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens showed barely detectable levels of oxygen in a 1 to 2 mm zone below the cuticle, and virtual anaerobiosis deeper in the carcass. This observation indicates that the bacteria in this habitat, where they are actively growing, are probably carrying out a fermentative metabolism. Therefore, the anaerobic metabolism of the primary and secondary form variants of P. luminescens Hm and NC1 was compared. Amino acids were not fermented by either strain, either singly or in mixtures. Glucose was fermented by both forms of both organisms, forming products typical of mixed acid fermentation by Enterobacteriaceae. The fermentation patterns were the same in the primary and secondary forms. Growth rates of the secondary form cells were higher in defined medium with glucose as energy and carbon source. Growth yields of the primary and secondary forms of strain Hm were nearly identical, whereas the growth yield of secondary form cells of strain NC1 was slightly higher than that of the primary form. The results of this study indicate that the observed predominance of primary form cells in infected insect larvae cannot be explained by an advantage over the secondary form cells related to the efficiency of anaerobic growth or fermentative metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08341.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A crystalline pigment produced from 2-hydroxypyridine by arthrobacter crystallopoietes n.sp. (1963)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 47 (1963), S. 137-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A bacterium was isolated from soil which utilizes 2-hydroxypyridine as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. When grown on solid medium with this substrate massive amounts of green rectangular crystals are deposited extracellularly in the colony mass. The pigment producing organism proved to be a hitherto undescribed species to which the name Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was applied. The pigment formed is characterized qualitatively by the following properties: it is an oxidation product of 2-hydroxypyridine probably still containing a six-membered heterocyclic ring; it exists as an anion with an intense blue color in neutral or slightly alkaline solution and as a metal salt in the deposited crystals; it precipitates from acid solution as a red water-insoluble free acid; it can be reversible oxidized and reduced, being colorless in the reduced form; and in solution it is spontaneously oxidized by air, the reaction being very rapid at alkalineph. The ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectra of the blue and red forms are presented. The properties of the pigment show that it is a member of a chemically poorly defined group of compounds termed azaquinones and that it is related to but not identical with pigments produced by the bacterial oxidation of nicotine, nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422519
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adenosine triphosphate pool levels and endogenous metabolism in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adenosine triphosphate ; Starvation ; Endogenous metabolism ; Arthrobacter crystallopoietes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of Arthrobactery crystallopoietes was measured during growth, starvation and recovery from starvation. During exponential growth of the cells as spheres in a glucose salts medium, the level of ATP per cell remained constant at 8.0×10-10 μg/cell. Morphogenesis to rodshaped cells and an increased growth rate following addition of casein hydrolysate was accompanied by an almost two-fold increase in the ATP level. As division of the rod-shaped cells proceeded, the level of ATP declined. After growing as rods for 12–14 h the cells underwent fragmentation to spheres during which time the ATP level again increased to the original value of 8.0×10-10 μg/cell. As the spherical cells resumed growth on the residual glucose, their ATP content declined for a short period and then remained relatively constant. During starvation of sphere or rod-shaped cells for one week, the ATP level declined by approximately 70% during the first 40–50 h and then remained constant. The endogenous metabolism rate of spherical cells declined during the first 10–20 h of starvation and then remained constant at approximately 0.02% of the cell carbon being utilized per h. Addition of glucose to spherical cells which had been starved for one week increased both the ATP content per cell and their rate of endogenous metabolism. The ATP content fluctuated and then remained at a level higher than maintained during starvation while endogenous metabolism quickly declined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408047
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adenylate nucleotide levels and energy charge in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Energy charge ; Starvation ; Arthrobacter crystallopoietes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The adenylate nucleotide concentrations, based on internal water space, were determined in cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation and the energy charge of the cells was calculated. The energy charge of spherical cells rose during the first 10 h of growth, then remained nearly constant for as long as 20 h into the stationary phase. The energy charge of rod-shaped cells rose during the first 4 h of growth, then remained constant during subsequent growth and decreased in the stationary growth phase. Both spherical and rod-shaped cells excreted adenosine monophosphate but not adenosine triphosphate or adenosine diphosphate during starvation. The intracellular energy charge of spherical cells declined during the initial 10 h and then remained constant for 1 week of starvation at a value of 0.78. The intracellular energy charge of rod-shaped cells declined during the first 24 h of starvation, remained constant for the next 80 h, then decreased to a value of 0.73 after a total of 168 h starvation. Both cell forms remained more than 90% viable during this time. Addition of a carbon and energy source to starving cells resulted in an increase in the ATP concentration and as a result the energy charge increased to the same levels as found during growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408048
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macromolecular synthesis and cell division during morphogenesis of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Macromolecule synthesis ; Cell division ; Morphogenesis ; Growth rate ; Continuous culture ; Thymine Starvation ; Mitomycin C ; Arthrobacter crystallopoietes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sphere-rod-sphere morphology cycle of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was accompanied by changes in the rate of growth and the rates of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. The patterns of macromolecule synthesis resembled those found in other bacteria during a step-up followed by a step-down in growth rate. During the step-up in growth spherical cells grew into rods and macromolecules were synthesized in the absence of cell division. During stepdown, successive rounds of septation produced progressively smaller cells which did not separate and remained in chains. The morphology of the cells was dependent on the growth rate and could be altered by changing the dilution rate in a malate-limited chemostat. Gradual transitions in morphology and gradual increases in macromolecule content of the cells occurred as the growth rate was increased in the chemostat. Sphere to rod morphogenesis occurred when DNA synthesis was inhibited by treatment with mitomycin C or by thymine starvation. The DNA-deficient rods did not divide and eventually lysed. DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were continuously required for the reductive division of rods to spheres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446549
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of growth substrates on morphology of Nocardia corallina (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 103 (1975), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nocardia corallina ; Morphopoiesis ; Growth ; Slide Cultures ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Nocardia corallina ATCC 4273 form multiply branched coenocytic mycelia and subsequent fragment to spherical cells when grown on solidified complex media. In liquid shake cultures using complex media the organisms grow into pleomorphic but seldomly branched rods, divide as rods and then the rods fragment to spheres as the stationary phase is reached. In a defined liquid medium with glucose as carbon source, the organisms divide entively as spheres at a doubling time of 44 hrs. The addition of l-tyrosine, some fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates or fructose to the glucose medium caused the cells to grow at considerably faster growth rates (2.8–8.5 hrs doubling times) and to undergo the sphere-rod-sphere growth cycle. Other amino acids, fatty acids or sugars added singly to the glucose medium did not produce the sphere to rod morphology change. Some amino acids when added to the medium in pairs effected sphere to rod morphopoiesis. None of these amino acids alone were effectors. Some of the culture grew as rods and the remainder as spheres when isoleucine and valine were added to the glucose medium. No other amino acid combination tested gave this result. The reason for the mixed growth response was traced to inhomogeneity of the parent culture. The life cycle of N. corallina is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of two slide cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436352
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of carbon dioxide in germination of spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenes (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Streptomyces spores ; Germination ; Carbon dioxide ; Anaplerotic ; Streptomyces viridochromogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CO2 in required continuously during germination of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores. Spores incubated in a defined germination medium in the absence of CO2 remain phase bright and do not release spore carbon. In the presence of CO2, the spores initiate germination accompanied by loss of refractility and spore carbon. The CO2 requirement is replaced by oxaloacetate or a mixture of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates. Labeled CO2 is taken up by germinating spores, and is incorporated into protein and RNA. TCA cycle intermediates and related amino acids contain most of the acid-soluble label following short term exposures of germinating spores to 14CO2. TCA cycle inhibitors repress germination and 14CO2 uptake whereas folic acid antagonists do not. The results indicate that CO2 is incorporated into oxaloacetate which is converted to biosynthetic intermediates required for germination. Operation of the TCA cycle appears to be essential for spore germination. The conclusion is reached that CO2 is required during germination in order to maintain the cycle by an anaplerotic reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429118
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation of a blue pigment in the bacterial oxidation of isonicotinic acid (1965)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 51 (1965), S. 384-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A pseudomonad was isolated from soil which can utilize isonicotinic acid as its sole carbon source. Growth on this substrate leads to the accumulation of a compound with absorption maxima at 240 and 345 mμ which was isolated and identified as citrazinic acid. Subsequent to citrazinic acid formation a soluble blue pigment is produced. This pigment was crystallized and shown to be identical to one formed by the chemical oxidation of citrazinic acid. The pigment, although similar in properties, is distinct from those arising during the metabolism of 2-hydroxypyridine, nicotinic acid and nicotine by other bacteria. The possible structure of the pigment is discussed and a pathway of its formation from isonicotinic acid is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408919
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation ofStreptomyces viridochromogenes spores by detergents (1982)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 7 (1982), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Constitutively dormant spores ofStreptomyces viridochromogenes germinate rapidly following treatment with 1.0% of the detergents Tween 80, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or sodium heptadodecyl sulfate. Six other detergents did not activate the spores. Activation by SDS was studied further. The spores were not activated following treatment with 0.09% or less of SDS for 60 min at 37°C. Activation was complete within 1 to 2 min of treatment with 1.0% SDS. the SDS-activated spores became deactivated during incubation in buffer. Deactivation was slow at 4°C and complete after incubation for 12 h at 25°C or 6 h at 37°C. The endogenous respiratory rate of the spores was increased 3-fold by SDS activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01568803
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