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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pH on the activity of nervous cholinesterases of the rat towards different biochemical and histochemical substrates and inhibitors (1972)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 33 (1972), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholinesterase activities of homogenates of rat brain and superior cervical ganglion were determined by automatic titration using several biochemical and histochemical substrates. High hydrolysis rates were observed when acetylcholine, acetylthiocholine, propionylcholine or propionylthiocholine was used as substrate; α-naphthyl acetate and acetyl-β-methylcholine were hydrolyzed at a moderate rate, and activities were low towards butyrylcholine, butyrylthiocholine and benzoylcholine. With most substrates, the enzyme activity increased from pH 5 to pH 10 and decreased at pH 11. Acetylcholine and acetyl-β-methylcholine showed an activity maximum at pH 7 or 8. Inhibition by the selective inhibitor of specific cholinesterase 284 C 51 was not markedly affected by pH. On the other hand, the inhibiting power of the selective inhibitor of non-specific cholinesterase iso-OMPA markedly decreased when the pH was lowered. The inhibitor data at different pHs and with different concentrations of eserine, 284 C 51 or iso-OMPA at pH 6 indicated that acetylcholine, propionylcholine and propionylthiocholine are readily hydrolyzed by both specific and non-specific cholinesterase, while acetyl-β-methylcholine is mainly split by specific cholinesterase and butyrylcholine mainly by non-specific cholinesterase. The significance of propionylcholine and propionylthiocholine as substrates of specific cholinesterase is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304221
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hydrocortisone on the ultrastructure of the small, intensely fluorescent, granule-containing cells in cultures of sympathetic ganglia of newborn rats (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 297-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic Ganglia ; Tissue culture ; Catecholamines ; SIF cells ; Granular vesicles ; Hydrocortisone ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sympathetic chain ganglia of newborn rats were cultured in Rose chambers with or without hydrocortisone. After one week, the cultures were examined by light microscopy for formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence and by electron microscopy after fixation in 5% glutaraldehyde solution and thereafter in 1% osmium tetroxide. Hydrocortisone (10 mg/l) caused a great increase in the number of the small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the ganglion explants, and the fluorescence intensity of these cells was also increased. The SIF cells corresponded to small, granule-containing (SGC) cells in the electronmicros copic preparations, and in addition to an increase in their number there was also an increase in the size and number of granular vesicles in the presence of hydrocortisone. In control cultures the granular vesicles were round (about 100 nm in diameter) or elongated (40–150 nm in cross section and 150–250 nm in length); both types of vesicles contained electron dense cores. In hydrocortisone-containing cultures round granular vesicles up to 200 nm in diameter were also observed; the cores of these vesicles were of variable electron density. It is concluded that in tissue culture, hydrocortisone causes an increased formation of catecholamine-containing granular vesicles in SIF-SGC cells and their precursors and an increase in the number of these cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307167
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hydrocortisone on the extra-adrenal intensely fluorescent chromaffin and non-chromaffin cells in stretch preparations of the newborn rat (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 565-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic neurons ; Chromaffin cells ; SIP cells (Newborn rat) ; Development ; Administration of hydrocortisone ; Stretch preparations ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Air-dried stretch preparations were used to study adrenergic nerve fibres and catecholamine-containing cells with the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method in the abdominal tissue block containing the para-aortic paraganglia, in the neurovascular structures of the cervical region including the carotid body, in the bladder, in the ileum, in the mesentery, in the vagus nerve and in the sympathetic ganglia of 5- or 15-day-old rats. The adrenergic nerves and the catecholamine-containing cells were well preserved and showed little or no diffusion of amines. While most intensely fluorescent cells of the main para-aortic body disappeared during the first two postnatal weeks, some such cells survived and they showed long, slender fluorescent processes. Administration of 20 mg/kg of hydrocortisone acetate daily for 5 days after birth caused a striking increase in the number and size of the clusters of the intensely fluorescent cells in the organ of Zuckerkandl, in the sympathetic ganglia and in the bladder, as well as an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the carotid body. In rats treated with hydrocortisone for 5 days and left to recover for 10 days an increased fluorescence was still observed. However, in the organ of Zuckerkandl the intensely fluorescent cells of hydrocortisone-treated 15-day-old rats showed less processes than those of the control rats of the same age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347184
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical evidence of chemical sympathectomy by guanethidine in newborn rats (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 3 (1971), S. 451-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synopsis Guanethidine is known to cause a loss of catecholamines from sympathetically innervated tissues and sympathetic ganglia in adult animals but its effect on newborn animals has not been examined. Newborn rats were injected daily with guanethidine (20 mg/kg body weight) for 8 days. They were killed when 1 month-old along with untreated litter mate controls. Catecholamines were demonstrated in the iris, in the pineal body and in sympathetic ganglia, using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method. In the guanethidine-treated rats there was a complete loss of fluorescent nerve fibres from the pineal body and an almost complete loss of similar fibres from the iris. The sympathetic ganglia were reduced to less than 10% of the control ganglia, and the number of nerve cell bodies per unit area was decreased in the ganglion remnants. It is concluded that guanethidine causes, in newborn rats, an irreversible destruction of most sympathetic neurons, i.e. a chemical sympathectomy closely resembling that obtainable in newborn animals by injections of 6-hydroxydopamine or antiserum to nerve growth factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014783
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity for substance P in the gasserian ganglion, ophthalmic nerve and anterior segment of the rabbit eye (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 13 (1981), S. 435-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of substance P (SP) immunofluorescence was investigated in the Gasserian ganglion, ophthalmic nerve and in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. About one third of the nerve cell bodies in the Gasserian ganglion exhibited SP immunofluorescence, which was also observed in some nerve fibres of the ophthalmic nerve. In the cornea, some SP-positive iris contained numerous nerve fibres with SP immunofluorescence. In the sphincter area such fibres were circular, while the orientation of the SP fibres was radial in the dilator muscle. Both in the iris and in the ciliary body, the largest vessels were surrounded by nerves exhibiting SP immunofluorescence. A few nerve fibres also appeared in the stroma of the ciliary processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01005059
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hydrocortisone on catecholamines and the enzymes synthesizing them in the developing sympathetic ganglion (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 14 (1982), S. 461-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Newborn rats were daily injected with 0.2 mg hydrocortisone acetate for seven days. They were killed 1, 7 or 21 days after the last injection, together with untreated controls. Hydrocortisone caused a great increase in the number of the small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and the appearance of similar small cells with intense immunohistochemical reactions for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine (noradrenaline)N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the superior cervical ganglion. At the same time, the adrenaline content and the PNMT activity of the ganglion greatly increased, while no significant changes were observed in the dopamine or noradrenaline content or TH or DBH activity. All these changes essentially disappeared after a recovery period of seven or 21 days. It is concluded that hydrocortisone causes a temporary increase in the number of SIF cells by causing a synthesis of TH, DBH and PNMT in previously existing small, non-fluorescent cells, which start to synthesize and store adrenaline, thus becoming intensely fluorescent SIF cells. These SIF cells are different from the normal SIF cells of the same ganglion, most of which appear at a later stage of postnatal development when response to hydrocortisone is lost, which contain TH but neither DBH nor PNMT, and which permanently remain in the ganglion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01011857
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and electron microscopic histochemical observations on cholinesterase-containing sympathetic nerve fibres in the pineal body of the rat (1970)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 2 (1970), S. 479-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synopsis Pineal glands of adult albino rats were examined histochemically using, first, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence to study monoamines and, second, copper thiocholine or copper ferrocyanide methods to study acetylcholinesterase and non-specific cholinesterase by light and electron microscopy. Cholinesterase was determined quantitatively by a constant pH titration assay. Fluorescent and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve nets formed identical patterns. Nonspecific cholinesterase was observed only in nerve trunks outside the pineal. Bilateral removal of superior cervical ganglia resulted in complete disappearance of fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase from nerve fibres. Electron microscopically, acetylcholinesterase was found on sympathetic axons containing small granular vesicles. Quantitative cholinesterase determinations suggested that the pineal activity was mainly due to acetylcholinesterase. Comparison of the incubation times required for equal histochemical acetylcholinesterase reactions suggested that the activity of the sympathetic nerve fibres in the pineal is of the same order of magnitude as that in the nerve fibres of the iris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01003126
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of histochemically demonstrable catecholamines in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 4 (1972), S. 225-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synopsis Catecholamines were demonstrated histochemically in the superior cervical ganglion of albino rats aged o (newborn), 3, 6, 12, 24 or 90 days (adult). After freezing in propane at −190°C, the ganglia were driedin vacuo at −50°C for a week and embedded in epoxy resin. Fluorescence microscopy was carried out with maximum excitation at about 400 nm and emission above 460 nm, avoiding fading due to over-exposure to u.v. light. Most sympathicoblasts in the ganglia of newborn rats exhibited a weak, blue fluorescence which was evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Most cells were still weakly fluorescent in rats 3 and 6 days old, although the number of more intensely fluorescent cells increased with age. The size and the fluorescence intensity of the nerve cells increased with development until the adult stage. The cytoplasmic fluorescent granular aggregates were first seen in the peripheral cytoplasm of nerve cells of 12-day-old rats, and in the ganglia of 24-day-old rats the peripheral granules showed the adult picture. Fluorescent processes were seen to emerge from nerve cells of 3-day-old rats, but fluorescent nerve fibres were first seen between the nerve cell bodies in the ganglia of 6-day-old rats, and intensely fluorescent granular formations appeared in the intercellular nerve cell processes in 24-day-old rats. Small intensely fluorescent cells were already numerous at birth and at all stages of development were easily discriminated from sympathicoblasts and the developing nerve cells by virtue of their much smaller size. It is concluded that the nerve cell perikaryon matures when rats are 3 weeks old, which coincides with the maturation of the peripheral nerve net in peripheral target organs. This maturation is characterized by the appearance of a granular pool of catecholamines in the perikaryon and the terminal nerve fibres, corresponding to clusters of small granular vesicles at the ultrastructural level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01890994
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loss of histochemically demonstrable catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase from sympathetic nerve fibres of the pineal body of the rat after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 3 (1971), S. 357-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synopsis Newborn albino rats were injected daily for 8 days with 50 μg/g of 6-hydroxydopamine. They were killed 3 weeks after the last injection together with untreated litter mate controls. Monoamines were demonstrated histochemically in the pineal body, in the iris and in the superior cervical ganglion with the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method. Acetylcholinesterase was demonstrated in the pineal using acetylcholine as substrate and tetraisopropy-pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) to inhibit non-specific cholinesterases. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine caused a complete disappearance of amine-containing fibres from the pineal, whereas some fluorescent ganglion cells remained in the superior cervical ganglion and in some rats a few amine-containing fibres in the iris. Acetylcholinesterase activity, located in fine nerve fibres of the pineal body, disappeared completely after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Since 6-hydroxydopamine causes a selective destruction of the aminergic sympathetic fibres, it is concluded that the disappearance of the acetylcholinesterase activity indicates that in the pineal body this enzyme activity is located exclusively in truly aminergic nerve fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01005017
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