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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modeling the Strategic Bidding of the Producers in Competitive Electricity Markets with the Watkins' Q (lambda) Reinforcement Learning (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 6.2006, 2, art7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Quelle: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Competition has been introduced in the last decade into the electricity markets and is presently underway in many countries. A centralized approach for the dispatching of the generation units has been substituted by a market approach based on the biddings submitted by the supply side and, eventually, by the demand side. Each producer is a player in the market acting to maximize its utility. The decision making process of the producers and their interactions in the market are a typical complex problem that is difficult to be modeled explicitly, and can be studied with a multi agents approach. This paper proposes a model able to capture the decision making approach of the producers in submitting strategic biddings to the market and simulate the market outcomes resulting from those interactions. The model is based on the Watkins' Q (lambda) Reinforcement Learning and takes into account the network constraints that may pose considerable limitations to the electricity markets. The model can be used to define the optimal bidding strategy for each producer and, as well, to find the market equilibrium and assessing the market performances. The model proposed is applied to a standard IEEE 14-bus test system to illustrate its effectiveness.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijeeps/vol6/iss2/art7
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Multi-Agent Models for Consumer Choice and Retailer Strategies in the Competitive Electricity Market (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 2, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Quelle: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: The benefit to end-users of electricity, mainly in terms of low prices, is strictly related to the interaction among the consumers themselves and retailers. The literature on retail competition has highlighted possible distortions in market outcomes due to unresponsive demand and boundedly rational consumers. Hence, a model appropriate to represent this aspect of the market is needed. The paper proposes a general model of the interaction among retailers and consumers in the electricity market based on the theory of multi-agent systems. The model incorporates different assumptions concerning the behavior of the players that corresponds to different levels of interaction in determining the market outcomes. The model is validated interpretively by the results provided in terms of Game Theory equilibrium. The results of an extensive set of simulations on a population of 1,000 consumers is presented and discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijeeps/vol8/iss2/art4
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantification of steroid receptors in breast cancer by color image analysis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biology of the Cell 73 (1991), S. 37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0248-4900
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0248-4900(91)90214-8
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vitro study of the cell populations in two cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1986), S. 26-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Karposi's sarcoma ; Cell types ; Fibroblastic growth ; Endothelial cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Despite numerous studies, the histogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma remains unclear. In connection with the culture of two Kaposi's sarcomas, the morphological, ultrastructural, and immunological properties of the various cell types observed are discussed. Cloning in agar, loss of contact inhibition, and karyotyping were used to determine which cells had undergone malignant transformation. Findings for both cases revealed that endothelial cells had undergone neoplastic transformation. Fibroblastic cell lines were isolated from both sarcoma fragments; although their growth characteristics distinguished them from normal fibroblasts (increased growth and possibility of culture in soft agar), cytogenetic investigations on both lines confirmed that they were genetically normal, and occurred along with malignant cells as an accessory compartment within lesions. Endothelial cells appear to be the sole origin of Kaposi's sarcoma, and may release factors which alter fibroblastic growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404354
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    p53 determination alongside classical prognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer: An evaluation at more than 10-year follow-up (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 11 (2000), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Schlagwort(e): breast cancer ; p53 ; prognostic factors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Background:There is heterogeneity of methods and conflictingresults concerning the prognostic value of p53 in node-negativebreast cancer. The clinical value of a quantitative method for measuringtumoral p53 content still needs to be evaluated. Patients and methods: A long-term retrospective study wasconducted on 297 node-negative patients with a median follow-up greater than10 years (11 years, 101–172 months). Classic prognostic factors wereconsidered including age, tumor size, histoprognostic grade and estradiol (ER)and progesterone receptors (PR). In addition, the value of p53 determination (immunoluminometric assay in tumor cytosol) was assessed forthis long follow-up period. Results: p53 concentrations were significantly linked tothe histological grade (P = 0.001), to tumor size (P = 0.02)and ER status (P = 0.01). Higher p53 tumoral concentrationswere found in tumors with large size, pejorative histological grade andnegative ER status. In contrast, p53 tumoral concentrations were notinfluenced by menopausal or PR status. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstratesthat tumor size was the only significant predictor of disease-free survival(P = 0.049) with a risk factor at 1.38. As regards specific survival,univariate Cox analysis indicates that p53 taken as a continuousvariable is a significant predictor (P = 0.024) together withhistological grade, tumor size and ER status. In a multivariate Cox analysisthere were two significant and independent variables for predicting overallsurvival: tumor size (P = 0.031) and ER status (P = 0.015)with the highest risk factor (RR = 2.14). Conclusions:The present investigation points out that theprognostic power of p53 tumor determination evaluated at more than10 years median survival is not higher than the well-recognized classicprognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer. The present data highlightthe need to assess the prognostic value of potentially new biological factorsin node-negative breast cancer on cohorts of patients followed over periodsin excess of 10 years.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008359722254
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Normal epithelial antigens recognized by GB3 and GB5 are diminished in intraductal and lost in infiltrating human breast carcinomas (1987)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 10 (1987), S. 206-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01810586
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