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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Philosophy 34 (1959), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 0031-8191
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Philosophy 37 (1962), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 0031-8191
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy
    Notes: Perhaps no word has received such varied treatment from philosophers as the word ‘good’. No doubt this is largely due to the fact that it is a word with an unusually wide range of use. Aristotle, for example, realised that it is a term that can be applied to substances, qualities, relations, actions, passivities, times and places, and we may notice that he was of the opinion that the term must have different meanings when applied in these different categories. Many of the usages which are distinguishable in everyday speech have given rise to corresponding theories about the nature of goodness. Indeed if we survey the history of philosophical speculation about goodness, we find that there are just about as many theories about goodness as there are distinct uses of the word ‘good’. For example, goodness has been variously described as an unique quality, as a consequential property, as a relational property, etc., and the word ‘good’ has been described as a term of commendation or approval, and its attributive, predicative and instrumental senses, to name a few, have been distinguished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Philosophy 38 (1963), S. 136-148 
    ISSN: 0031-8191
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy
    Notes: Throughout the history of philosophy there has been a sustained interest in the concepts of knowledge, truth and meaning; interest in the concepts of error, falsity and nonsense, on the other hand, has been intermittent and spasmodic. Error, for example, has suffered at the expense of knowledge to such an extent that sometimes its very existence has been denied, or it has been explained away as being merely the absence of or privation of knowledge; many theories of truth are so constructed that no place can be found for falsity, and theories about what constitutes making sense pay, on the whole, little heed to what constitutes nonsense. In this paper I hope to do something to redress the balance so far as error is concerned. My remarks are prompted by the hope that, just as we may best understand health through the study of disease, so a consideration of error or failure may throw light on knowledge or success. It is clearly not very informative to say of error, falsity and nonsense that they are merely the absence of knowledge, truth and sense; indeed it is just as laconic as a proposed medical definition of disease as the absence of health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 65 (1998), S. 241-245 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary An intriguing picture is emerging of coupled track and intensity links in tropical cyclones. Since recurvature represents a dramatic track shift, recurving tropical storms are isolated in this study and their time of maximum lifetime intensity is compared to their time of recurvature. Thirty-one percent of all western North Pacific tropical storms and 28% of all such storms in North Atlantic recurve. Seventeen years of track and intensity data for recurving tropical cyclones in these basins are examined here. The overwhelming majority (≈80%) of western North Pacific tropical storms (including typhoons) reach their lifetime maximum intensity prior to recurvature. More than 45% of all recurving storms have coincident recurvature and lifetime maximum intensity, with weaker tropical storms clearly more likely to reach peak intensity at recurvature than strong systems. Inspection of tropical storm intensity and track data for North Atlantic systems reveals few clear patterns. The most robust observation to be made here is that the majority of these systems reach their peak intensity prior to recurvature. Exclusion of landfalling extratropically transforming tropical cyclones from this sample greatly reduces the number of systems, making the significance of any results questionable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 60 (1996), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Whilst the tropics comprise only 50% of the Earth's surface, 75% of the annual, global rainfall occurs there. Hence, the tropics are the latent heat engine for the general circulation of the atmosphere. In this environment, all manner of convective weather systems exist: intense and destructive tropical storms (TS), organized mesoscale convective systems (MCCs and CCCs here) and much weaker, short-lived convection (DSL). The relative importance of these differing convective weather systems to the hydrologic cycle of the Atlantic Ocean basin is considered here. An automated, satellite-based climatology and classification of these four different classes of convective weather systems is used to define system characteristics and contribution to basin-wide rainfall over an 18 month time period. It is found that short-lived thunderstorms (DSL class) are the largest contributors to the basin-wide rainfall, however their contribution represents only about half of the total diagnosed rainfall. Organized mesoscale systems contribute the balance. Hence, mesoscale organized weather systems seem to play an important rôle in the Atlantic Ocean hydrologic cycle. Due to the potentially large error bounds on the satellite rainfall climatologies used here, the results of this study are contransted with the recent climatology of Cotton et al. (1995), which incorporates some estimates of rainfall characteristics for mesoscale systems based on numerical model simulations. Comparison of these two climatologies showed good agreement in the relative magnitudes of rainfall determined for each class of convection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: GLUT 4 transgenic mice ; euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps ; glucose transport ; insulin action ; glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucose metabolism was evaluated in transgenic mice expressing the human GLUT 4 glucose transporter. Fed GLUT 4 transgenic mice exhibited a 32% and 56% reduction in serum glucose and insulin and a 69% and 33% increase in non-esterified fatty acid and lactate levels, respectively. Transgenic mice exhibited a significant increase in whole-body glucose disposal during a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in isolated soleus muscles and adipocytes was greater in transgenic compared to control mice due to increased basal glucose uptake. Transgenic mice displayed increased glycogen levels in liver and gastrocnemius muscle, and increased insulin-stimulated 14C-glycogen accumulation in isolated soleus muscle. We conclude that over-expression of the GLUT 4 glucose transporter in mice results in 1) an increase in whole-body glucose disposal and storage, and 2) an increase in both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and disposal in vitro. These changes resulted in the reduction of serum glucose and insulin levels. These results provide direct evidence that glucose transport (and GLUT 4 per se) plays a significant role in regulating wholebody glucose homeostasis. Additionally, these data support the idea that pharmacological strategies directed at increasing the expression of GLUT 4 protein may have beneficial (hypoglycaemic) effects in the diabetic state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words GLUT 4 transgenic mice ; euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps ; glucose transport ; insulin action ; glycogen.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucose metabolism was evaluated in transgenic mice expressing the human GLUT 4 glucose transporter. Fed GLUT 4 transgenic mice exhibited a 32 % and 56 % reduction in serum glucose and insulin and a 69 % and 33 % increase in non-esterified fatty acid and lactate levels, respectively. Transgenic mice exhibited a significant increase in whole-body glucose disposal during a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in isolated soleus muscles and adipocytes was greater in transgenic compared to control mice due to increased basal glucose uptake. Transgenic mice displayed increased glycogen levels in liver and gastrocnemius muscle, and increased insulin-stimulated 14C-glycogen accumulation in isolated soleus muscle. We conclude that over-expression of the GLUT 4 glucose transporter in mice results in 1) an increase in whole-body glucose disposal and storage, and 2) an increase in both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and disposal in vitro. These changes resulted in the reduction of serum glucose and insulin levels. These results provide direct evidence that glucose transport (and GLUT 4 per se) plays a significant role in regulating whole-body glucose homeostasis. Additionally, these data support the idea that pharmacological strategies directed at increasing the expression of GLUT 4 protein may have beneficial (hypoglycaemic) effects in the diabetic state. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 1097–1104]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Veränderungen in den Konzentration der haupsächlichsten biochemischen Faktoren, die für die Schwarzverfärbung nach dem Kochen ausschlaggebend sind, wurden während der Wachstumperiode anhand von zwei Sorten, die sich im Verhalten gegenüber Schwarzverfärbung deutlich unterscheiden, auf ihre Auswirkungen untersucht;Majestic (eine zur Schwarzverfärbung neigende Sorte mit hohem Gehalt an Chlorogensäure) undUlster Beacon (eine nicht zur Schwarzverfärbung neigende Sorte mit tiefem Chlorogensäuregehalt). Während der Wachstumsperiode nahm in beiden Sorten die Intensität der Schwarzverfärbung ab, und die Verteilung der Verfärbung wechselte vom Kronen-zum Nabelende (Abb. 4). Diese Unterschiede in der Schwarzverfärbung waren verbunden mit Veränderungen bezüglich Menge und Verteilung der Zitronensäure (Abb. 1) und Chlorogensäure (Abb. 3). Hohe signifikante Korrelationskoeffizienten wurden zwischen Schwarzverfärbung und Chlorogensäure, Schwarzverfärbung und Zitronensäure sowie zwischen Schwarzverfärbung und dem Verhältnis von Chlorogensäure zu Zitronensäure (Tabelle 3) festgestellt. Die Verteilung der Zitronensäure in der Knolle stand in Beziehung zur Verteilung des Kaliums (Tabelle 1). Während der Wachstumsperiode blieb die Kalikonzentration—abgesehen vom Erntezeitpunkt V—in der ganzen Knolle mehr oder weniger konstant, während die Konzentration der Zitronensäure anstieg (Tabelle 2). Bei jedem Erntezeitpunkt zeigten die Knollen der SorteMajestic stärkere Schwarzverfärbung und enthielten grössere Mengen Chlorogensäure als jene der SorteUlster Beacon.
    Abstract: Résumé Les modifications dans les concentrations des principaux facteurs biochimiques responsables du noircissement après cuisson ont été observées pendant la période de croissance chez deux variétés présentant des comportements au noircissement largement différents:Majestic (une variété qui noircit et qui a une haute teneur en acide chlorogénique) etUlster Beacon (une variété sans noircissement et qui a une basse teneur en acide chlorogénique). Chez les deux variétés l'intensité du noireissement diminue et sa répartition varie de la couronne au hile pendant la saison de croissance (Fig. 4). Les changements dans le noircissement sont associés aux changements dans la quantité et la répartition de l'acide citrique (Fig. 1) et de l'acide chlorogénique (Fig. 3.). Des coëfficients de corrélation hautement significatifs sont trouvés entre le noircissement et l'acide chlorogénique, le noireissement et l'acide citrique, et entre le noircissement et le rapport de l'acide chlorogénique à l'acide citrique (Tableau 3). La répartition de l'acide citrique dans le tubereule est liée à la répartition du potassium (Tableau 1). Pendant la saison de croissance la concentration du potassium dans le tubercule entier restait plus ou moins constante sauf à la récolte V, tandis que la concentration en acide citrique augmentait (Tableau 2). A chaque récolte les tubercules deMajestic noircissaient davantage et contenaient de quantités plus grandes d'acide chlorogénique que les tubercules deUlster Beacon.
    Notes: Summary Variations in the concentrations of the main biochemical factors responsible for after-cooking blackening have been followed during the growing season in two varieties with widely differing blackening behaviour (Majestic andUlster Beacon). In both varieties the intensity of blackening decreased and the distribution changed from bud to stem end during the growing season. These changes in blackening were associated with changes in the amount and distribution of citric acid and chlorogenic acid. Highly significant correlation coefficients were found between blackening and chlorogenic acid, blackening and citric acid, and between blackening and the ratio of chlorogenic acid to citric acid. At each harvestMajestic tubers blackened more thanUlster Beacon tubers and always contained larger amounts of chlorogenic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 10 (1967), S. 16-36 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variations in the concentration of the main biochemical factors responsible for after-cooking blackening in potatoes have been examined in a number of varieties grown on a black fen soil and a clay soil. Highly significant correlations were found between blackening and the ratio of chlorogenic acid/citric acid in the individual varieties. Blackening was usually greater in the fen grown tubers and this was generally associated with the presence of less citric acid and sometimes more clorogenic acid. The annual fluctuation in blackening at a given centre was mainly due to the different amounts of chlorogenic acid and citric acid found in the tubers under the varying climatic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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