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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen (PCDD) und Dibenzofuranen (PCDF) in Frauenmilch beschrieben. Die PCDD und PCDF werden mit dem Fett und anderen lipophilen Verbindungen nach Zusatz von Kaliumoxalat mit Ethanol, Diethylether und Pentan extrahiert. Einem aliquoten Fettanteil werden sieben13C-markierte Dioxine und Furane zugesetzt. Nach gelchromatographischer Abtrennung des Fettes an Bio-Beads S-X3 erfolgt eine weitere Reinigung des Extraktes an einer Florisil-, Aktivkohle- und an einer Aluminiumoxidsäule. Mit Ausnahme von 2,3,7,8-TCDD werden alle anderen Verbindungen durch kombinierte Capillargaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie mit Hilfe der negativen chemischen Ionisation (NCI) und Methan als Reaktantgas bestimmt. Für die Registrierung wird die SIM-Technik (selected ion monitoring) eingesetzt, wobei für jede Isomerengruppe zwei Fragmente gemessen werden. Zur Kompensation der Volumenungenauigkeit beim Injizieren wird Octachlornaphthalin (OCN) zugesetzt. Über diese Substanz erfolgt auch die quantitative Auswertung nach der für gaschromatographische Analysen üblichen Peakflächenmethode. Für die Ermittlung der Korrekturfaktoren wird eine Standardlösung, die OCN, alle 2,3,7,8-chlorsubstituierten PCDD und PCDF sowie die13C-markierten Verbindungen enthält, zweimal täglich eingespritzt. Die Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-TCDD erfolgt mit Hilfe der Elektronenstoßionisation (EI) an einem massenselektiven Detektor, ebenfalls unter Verwendung der SIM-Technik. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration des jeweiligen Analyten in der Frauenmilch beträgt der Variationskoeffizient der Methode zwischen 3% für 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlordibenzofuran und 40,9% für Octachlordibenzofuran. Insgesamt wurden bisher über 200 Frauenmilchproben, hauptsächlich von stillenden Müttern aus Nordrhein-Westfalen, isomerenspezifisch auf Rückstände von polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen und Dibenzofuranen untersucht. Die dabei erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden ebenfalls mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in breast milk. After addition of potassium oxalate, the compounds are extracted, along with fat and other lipophilic compounds, using ethanol, ethyl ether and pentane. An aliquot of the fat is fortified with seven13C-labelled dioxins and furans. Gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Beads S-X3 is used for removal of fat followed by column chromatography on florisil, charcoal and acid alumina. Except for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), all other congeners are determined by combined capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry by use of negative chemical ionization employing methane as reagent gas. MS analysis is performed in the SIM mode (selected ion monitoring). For each isomer group two ions are monitored. Octachloronaphthalene is used as a syringe spike for the quantification based on a calibration run of standards. The calibration mixture, which contains the spike as well as all 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dioxins and furans and the13C-labelled surrogates at a concentration level of 3–5 pg/μl, is injected twice every day. For the determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD a mass selective detector is used operating in electron impact mode. The MS analysis is also performed in SIM mode monitoring two ions for TCDDs and one ion for13C-2,3,7,8-TCDD. Dependent on the level of each congener in breast milk, the coefficient of variation of the method varies between 3% for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran and 40.9% for octachlorodibenzofuran. More than 200 human milk samples, mostly from nursing mothers living in North Rhine-Westphalia, have been analysed for residues of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans. The results of this investigation are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of forest research 36 (1914), S. 539-545 
    ISSN: 1612-4677
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of forest research 30 (1908), S. 677-685 
    ISSN: 1612-4677
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of forest research 21 (1899), S. 160-174 
    ISSN: 1612-4677
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of forest research 21 (1899), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1612-4677
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of forest research 31 (1909), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 1612-4677
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4651-4659 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated melt-spun Pr-Co alloys with the objective of optimizing their permanent magnet characteristics. Among a variety of elemental additives studied, carbon was found capable of significantly improving the properties, the coercivity in particular. For binary Pr-Co systems optimum values of the remanence, Br=5.7 kG, intrinsic coercivity, Hci=5.8 kOe, and energy product, (BH)max=4.7 MG Oe, were obtained from the Pr16Co84 composition. These values were enhanced to Br=5.8 kG, Hci=16.5 kOe, and (BH)max=7.4 MG Oe for Pr18Co76C6. In both cases the melt-spun ribbons were principally composed of PrCo5. The 16.5 kOe coercivity of the carbon-containing ribbons is the highest ever reported for a PrCo5-based material. Two new rare earth-cobalt phases were tentatively identified during the course of this work: PrCo7 (hexagonal TbCu7 structure) and PrCo2Cx (cubic MgCu2 structure). Survey results for other melt-spun, RCo5-based alloys are also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 6907-6911 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We used consolidation (hot pressing) and deformation (die upsetting) techniques to produce magnetically anisotropic permanent magnets from melt-spun PryCo100−y−xCx alloys. The primary phase in these magnets (16≤y≤24 at. %) was the hexagonal PrCo5 phase. The greatest alignment was obtained for low-carbon compositions (0≤x≤2 at. %); in particular, Pr18Co81C produced a remanence of ∼8.7 kG and an energy product of 16.9 MG Oe. The addition of 1 at. % carbon enhanced the coercivity (Hcl≈5.9 kOe) by nearly 80% compared to the carbon-free composition (Hcl≈3.3 kOe). Higher carbon levels (x≥4 at. %) resulted in even larger coercivities (Hcl≥10 kOe) but were accompanied by significantly lower remanences (Br≈6 kG).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 7727-7730 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report formation of the Nd2Fe14B-type compounds Y2Fe14C and Ce2Fe14C via heat treatment of melt-spun ribbons. The existence of several R2Fe14C (R≡rare earth) phases has been documented in the literature, but the light R compounds are extremely difficult to prepare by conventional procedures. In particular, the yttrium compound was not found in a study of the equilibrium Y-Fe-C phase diagram, and previously available information on Ce2Fe14C was obtained only by extrapolation of data for Mn-substituted materials. We have prepared the Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, and Tm carbides as well, and we analyze the behavior of the Curie temperature through the series using a simple mean-field model. The analysis indicates that the R-Fe exchange interaction energy is significantly smaller for the heavy-R, as compared with the light-R, members of the series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4753-4755 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We compare the temperature dependence of the intrinsic coercivity Hci between 5 and 600 K in rapidly quenched Nd-Fe-B ribbons and a die upset Nd-Fe-B magnet. At room temperature, ribbons have higher coercivity than the die upset magnet, but have a smaller technical temperature coefficient of coercivity β between 25 and 125 °C: Hci=15.1 kOe and β=−0.38%/°C for the ribbons, while Hci=10.4 kOe and β=−0.64%/°C for the die upset magnet. Because the die upset magnet has a stronger temperature dependence, the Hci(T) curves converge at low temperature. The ribbons can be phenomenologically modeled using Hci(T)=cHA(T)−Neff4πMs(T), the two terms representing the strength of domain wall pinning at grain boundaries and the effective local demagnetizing field, respectively. The model parameters c=0.25 and Neff=0.26 are significantly smaller than the corresponding values obtained in sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets. This model is less successful in describing Hci(T) for the die upset magnet. Their qualitatively different behaviors indicate that different mechanisms of domain wall pinning are responsible for coercivity in ribbons and die upset magnets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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