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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Halogencarbonsäuren im niedrigen Konzentrationsbereich beschrieben. Die Extraktion der Substanzen erfolgt in Anlehnung an die Methode von Gilsbach. Nach der Veresterung der Säuren mit Ethanol/Schwefelsäure folgt eine Reinigung an Florisil. Anschließend wird der Extrakt gaschromatographisch an zwei Capillarsäulen unterschiedlicher Polarität aufgetrennt. Für die Absicherung der Ergebnisse wird die kombinierte Capillargaschromatographie/ Massenspektrometrie mit negativer chemischer Ionisation und selected Ton monitoring-Technik (SIM) eingesetzt. Mit dieser Technik lassen sich noch Chloressigsäure-Konzentrationen bis zu 10 μg/l und Gehalte an Brom- und Todessigsäure unter 1 μg/l bestimmen.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of halogenated carboxylic acids at low concentrations. Extraction of the compounds was performed according to the method of Gilsbach. After esterification with ethanol/sulphuric acid, the compounds were cleaned on Florisil. The extract was then separated by gas chromatography on two capillary columns of different polarity. The results were confirmed by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring. Using this technique, it was possible to determine levels of monochloroacetic acid down to 10 gmg/l and concentrations of mono bromo- and mono iodoacetic acid below I μg/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen (PCDD) und Dibenzofuranen (PCDF) in Frauenmilch beschrieben. Die PCDD und PCDF werden mit dem Fett und anderen lipophilen Verbindungen nach Zusatz von Kaliumoxalat mit Ethanol, Diethylether und Pentan extrahiert. Einem aliquoten Fettanteil werden sieben13C-markierte Dioxine und Furane zugesetzt. Nach gelchromatographischer Abtrennung des Fettes an Bio-Beads S-X3 erfolgt eine weitere Reinigung des Extraktes an einer Florisil-, Aktivkohle- und an einer Aluminiumoxidsäule. Mit Ausnahme von 2,3,7,8-TCDD werden alle anderen Verbindungen durch kombinierte Capillargaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie mit Hilfe der negativen chemischen Ionisation (NCI) und Methan als Reaktantgas bestimmt. Für die Registrierung wird die SIM-Technik (selected ion monitoring) eingesetzt, wobei für jede Isomerengruppe zwei Fragmente gemessen werden. Zur Kompensation der Volumenungenauigkeit beim Injizieren wird Octachlornaphthalin (OCN) zugesetzt. Über diese Substanz erfolgt auch die quantitative Auswertung nach der für gaschromatographische Analysen üblichen Peakflächenmethode. Für die Ermittlung der Korrekturfaktoren wird eine Standardlösung, die OCN, alle 2,3,7,8-chlorsubstituierten PCDD und PCDF sowie die13C-markierten Verbindungen enthält, zweimal täglich eingespritzt. Die Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-TCDD erfolgt mit Hilfe der Elektronenstoßionisation (EI) an einem massenselektiven Detektor, ebenfalls unter Verwendung der SIM-Technik. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration des jeweiligen Analyten in der Frauenmilch beträgt der Variationskoeffizient der Methode zwischen 3% für 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlordibenzofuran und 40,9% für Octachlordibenzofuran. Insgesamt wurden bisher über 200 Frauenmilchproben, hauptsächlich von stillenden Müttern aus Nordrhein-Westfalen, isomerenspezifisch auf Rückstände von polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen und Dibenzofuranen untersucht. Die dabei erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden ebenfalls mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in breast milk. After addition of potassium oxalate, the compounds are extracted, along with fat and other lipophilic compounds, using ethanol, ethyl ether and pentane. An aliquot of the fat is fortified with seven13C-labelled dioxins and furans. Gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Beads S-X3 is used for removal of fat followed by column chromatography on florisil, charcoal and acid alumina. Except for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), all other congeners are determined by combined capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry by use of negative chemical ionization employing methane as reagent gas. MS analysis is performed in the SIM mode (selected ion monitoring). For each isomer group two ions are monitored. Octachloronaphthalene is used as a syringe spike for the quantification based on a calibration run of standards. The calibration mixture, which contains the spike as well as all 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dioxins and furans and the13C-labelled surrogates at a concentration level of 3–5 pg/μl, is injected twice every day. For the determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD a mass selective detector is used operating in electron impact mode. The MS analysis is also performed in SIM mode monitoring two ions for TCDDs and one ion for13C-2,3,7,8-TCDD. Dependent on the level of each congener in breast milk, the coefficient of variation of the method varies between 3% for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran and 40.9% for octachlorodibenzofuran. More than 200 human milk samples, mostly from nursing mothers living in North Rhine-Westphalia, have been analysed for residues of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans. The results of this investigation are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 337 (1990), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Tetrachlorbenzyltoluole, die den Hauptanteil in den PCB-Ersatzprodukten Ugilec 141 und Ugilec T bilden, haben in letzter Zeit eine weite Verbreitung als Hydraulikflüssigkeit im Untertagebergbau gefunden. Der Einsatz erfolgt zwar in geschlossenen Systemen, offenbar kommt es aber trotzdem zu nicht unerheblichen Verlusten, wobei die Hydraulikflüssigkeit freigesetzt wird und z. B. über Grubenabwässer in die Umwelt gelangt. So konnten in Flußfischen aus Gebieten mit intensivem Bergbau Te trachlorbenzyltoluole bis zu einer Konzentration von 25 mg/kg eßbarem Anteil bestimmt werden. Die Extraktion der Tetrachlorbenzyltoluole erfolgt aus dem gefriergetrockneten Probenmaterial mit Petrolether. Nach gelchromatographischer Abtrennung des Fettes an Bio-Beads S-X3 schließt sich eine Adsorptionschromatographie an Kieselgel nach Specht u. Tillkes an. Für die analytische Bestimmung wird die kombinierte Capillargaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie eingesetzt. Die große Spezifität der massenselektiven Detektion, verbunden mit der hohen Trennkraft der Capillargaschromatographie, erlaubt es, Ugilec bis zu einer Konzentration von 0,02 mg/kg, auch in Gegenwart eines hohen PCB-Überschusses, in Fischen sicher nachzuweisen.
    Notes: Summary Tetrachlorobenzy1toluenes, which represent the major constituent of the PCB substitutes Ugilec 141 and Ugilec T, have been widely used in the last few years as hydraulic fluids in underground mining. Their use has been termed a “closed application”, but there are obviously considerable losses. Tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes released underground can enter the environment via pit water, mine outputs or ventilation systems and as a consequence they can contaminate the food-chain, especially in fish. In fish from areas where there is extensive mining concentrations of tetrachlorobenzy1toluenes in edible portions ranged up to 25 mg/kg. The compounds were extracted from the freeze-dried material with petroleum ether. Gel chromatography on Bio-Beads S-X3 was chosen for the removal of fat followed by adsorption chromatography on silica gel according to the method of Specht and Tillkes. A combination of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry employing an ion trap detector was used for the separation and detection of the compounds. The great selectivity of mass selective detection combined with the high resolving power of capillary gas chromatography made it possible to determine and confirm the presence of Ugilec in fish down to a level of 0.02 mg/kg, even if there was a large PCB surplus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; metallothionein ; heterologous proteins ; CUP1 ; ACE1 genes ; secretion ; hirudin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using the anticoagulant, hirudin, from the leech Hirudo medicinalis as a secreted reporter protein, the influence of physiological parameters on activity and regulation of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) metallothionein (CUP1) promoter was studied. Induction of CUP1-directed hirudin expression from 2μ-based vectors was possible at any time point during diauxic batch growth, even in cells approaching stationary phase. The highest titers of hirudin were obtained when the CUP1 promoter was activated immediately following inoculation of the cultures. If such a pseudo-constitutive fermentation strategy was adopted, the promoter was superior to an optimized variant (GAPFL) of the strong, constitutive GAPDH promoter. This superiority was primarily due to the relative independence of CUP1 promoter activity of the physiological status of host cells: whilst the maximal strength of the CUP1 and GAPFL promoters was comparable, CUP1-directed hirudin expression was high in all phases of diauxic batch growth, whereas hirudin production from the GAPFL promoter declined in post-diauxic cultures. High activity of the CUP1 promoter was observed on both a fermentable (glucose) and a non-fermentable (ethanol) carbon source. Hirudin expression could be adjusted to different levels by varying the amount of inducer (cupric sulphate) added to cultures. The copper concentrations required for maximal promoter induction had no negative effects on host growth and interfered with neither hirudin secretion nor with the biological activity of the peptide. Overexpression of the transcriptional activator, ACE1, resulted in increased levels of hirudin mRNA. Hirudin titers increased in parallel to mRNA concentrations in cultures grown in the presence of low concentrations of copper. In contrast, at high copper doses, elevated levels of the ACE1 protein resulted in inferior hirudin production. Cells overexpressing ACE1 while harbouring a CUP1-drived hirudin expression cassette showed slow growth and poor plasmid maintenance. It was tested whether this might be the result of a block in the secretory pathway; however, measurements of intracellular hirudin did not support this hypothesis. The data rather indicated that hirudin production was limited by a metabolic constraint downstream of transcription but upstream of the secretory pathway.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; metallothionein ; heterologous proteins ; dominant selectable marker ; copy number control ; hirudin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have constructed 2-μm-based yeast expression vectors containing a copy of the metallothionein (CUP1) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a semi-dominant, selectable marker. When used for the expression of the thrombin inhibitor hirudin, originally derived from the leech Hirudo medicinalis, these vectors displayed the following characteristics. (1) In the presence of copper salts, they were mitotically more stable than similarly designed control vectors lacking the CUP1 gene. In copper-sensitive host strains, the apparent plasmid stability was 100%, even in complex media and during fed-batch fermentation for an extended period of time. (2) Use of the CUP1-stabilized plasmids improved the production of hirudin by both copper-sensitive and copper-resistant hosts. The highest hirudin titers were obtained with a ΔCUP1 host. (3) Copper selection resulted in a moderate increase in average plasmid copy numbers (up to two-fold) as assessed by measuring hirudin expression from a constitutive promoter (GAPFL). This effect was most noticeable if the vector showed an asymmetric segregation pattern (i.e., high rates of plasmid loss in the absence of copper). (4) The CUP1 marker proved particularly useful in combination with a CUP1-promoter-controlled expression cassette on the same plasmid. In such a set-up, the rates of transcription of the heterologous protein and that of the selectable marker are tightly linked. Therefore, an increase in selective pressure directly provokes an increase in product yields. In a copper-sensitive host strain, this plasmid design allowed for the production of very high amounts of biologically active hirudin. Our results clearly establish the utility of the CUP1 marker in the construction of stable yeast expression vectors.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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