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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 20 (1985), S. 2807-2822 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The application of different thermal treatment procedures to thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets yields to microstructures of different molecular weight/ degree of crystallinity combination. As a consequence, variations in the mechanical properties, especially the fracture properties and the particular fracture mechanisms occur. This is demonstrated in this paper by measurements of elastic modulus, maximum stress, failure initiation energy, and total work to fracture of notched PET-ribbons. Failure mechanisms analysed by the use of optical and scanning electron microscopy vary between highly ductile via semi-brittle after crazing, to absolute brittle at very low stresses. The results are summarized in terms of a three-dimensional failure energy map divided into regions of particular failure behaviour for particular molecular weight/ degree of crystallinity combination. In addition, the typical values of material strength, defined as the product of resistance to damage initiation (maximum stress) and crack propagation (total work to failure) are given for each region. The optimum fracture resistance was achieved for PET material with moderately low molecular weight and moderately high degree of crystallinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 199 (1992), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch „ultraquenching“ wurden sowohl Polyamid-6 (PA6) als auch Blends aus Polyethylenterephthalat (PET) und Polybutylenterephthalat (PBT) mit amorpher Struktur und verbesserten mechanischen Eigenschaften erhalten. Bei PA6 wird das „Strukturgedächtnis“ durch Tempern der Schmelze oberhalb der Gleichgewichts-Schmelztemperatur gelöscht, wodurch die Kristallisation eingeschränkt wird. Eine dem Abschrecken folgende Orientierung oder das Tempern eingespannter Proben führt zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften. Zugfestigkeit und Elastizitätsmodul steigen auf das drei- bis fünffache und die Reißdehnung auf das doppelte der für normales PA6, PET und PBT gemessenen Werte.
    Notes: Polyamide-6 (PA6) and blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) characterized by amorphous initial structure and improved mechanical properties are obtained by means of an ultraquenching technique. In the case of polyamide-6, erasure of the structural memory is achieved by melt annealing above the equilibrium melting point. This procedure is applied in order to restrict the crystallization process. After quenching, further orientation of the amorphous polymers and annealing with fixed ends lead to a significant improvement of the mechanical properties. The tensile strength and elasticity modulus increase three to five times and the elongation at break decreases by half as compared with conventionally obtained polyamide-6, PET and PBT.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 2459-2465 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Dichte von kristallinem Poly(äthylenterephthalat), (PETP), Qc wurde röntgenographisch überprüft. Der Berechnung wurden die von Bunn angegebene trikline Symmetrie und Indizierung der Reflexe zugrunde gelegt. Es wurden die folgenden Elementarzellenparameter gefunden: a = 4,48 Å, b = 5,85 Å, c = 10,75 Å, α = 99,5°, β = 118,4° und γ = 111,2°. Damit ergibt sich eine Dichte Qc = 1,515g/cm3, welche etwa 4% höher als die von Bunn angegeben ist.Proben, die bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zwischen 120 und 260°C getempert waren, zeigten nur vernachlässigbare Unterschiede in den Netzebenenabständen. Bei der bei 100°C getemperten Probe wurde eine Dichte Qc = 1,484g/cm3 beobachtet.An unverstreckten, bei 250°C getemperten PETP-Filmen, wurde mit Hilfe von Guinier Aufnahmen der gleiche Dichtewert Qc wie der von verstrecktem PETP ermittelt. Beiverstreckten PETP-Borsten, die bei 220°C getempert waren und Molenbrüche zwischen 1.7 und 4,2% Diäthylenglykol, (2,2′-Oxydiathanol) enthielten, wurden keine systematischen Anderungen der Netzebenenabstande gefunden.
    Notes: The density of crystals of poly(ethylene terephthalate), (PETP), Qc is checked by X-ray diffraction assuming a triclinic unit cell and the indices of reflections as found by Bunn. The following unit cell dimensions are found: a = 4,48Å, b = 5,85Å, c = 10,75 Å, α = 99,5°, β = 118,4°, and γ = 111,2°. This gives the density Qc as 1,515g/cm3 which is about 4% higher than that reported by Bunn.Negligible differences in spacings for samples annealed at different temperatures (120°C-260°C) have been found. Only for an annealing temperature of 100°C the higher d-values lead to Qc = 1,484g/cm3.For undrawn PETP films annealed at 250°C the same value of Qc as for drawn PETP was obtained on the basis of Guinier X-ray patterns. No systematic variation of crystal plane spacings was found for drawn PETP fibers annealed at 220°C and containing mole fractions of 1,7 to 4,2% diethylene glycol, (2,2′-oxydiethanol), as comonomer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 185-197 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of 2,2′-oxydiethanol (diethylene glycol, DEG) content (ranging from 2 to 15 mol-%) on unit cell dimensions, density, melting point, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of undrawn and drawn annealed (in the range from 80 to 260°C) poly(ethylene terephthalate), (PET), is studied. It is established that the unit cell parameters are almost unaffected by the DEG content. A significant decrease of the melting point and the degree of crystallinity of PET is observed, however. A decrease of the density of fully amorphous copolyester is established too, which is important for calculating the crystallinity from density measurements. At the same time a remarkable increase of both SAXS intensity and long spacing is registered. It is assumed that the effect of bonded DEG on PET structure and properties can be explained by the predominating comonomer (DEG) units distribution in the amorphous regions-only a small portion of them is involved in the crystallites as lattice defects.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1607-1611 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of temperature on the chemical healing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) - healing as a result of chemical reactions between neighboring macromolecules located in the interface surface  -  was studied. The healing process was carried out in vacuum on pressed partially overlapped strips of commercial PET, previously annealed at 258°C, at temperatures between 140 and 250°C for 24 h. It is demonstrated that the fracture behavior of the welded samples depends strongly on the healing temperature Th. At Th 〉 200°C the strips break beyond the contact area, at 160 〈 Th 〈 200°C debonding occurs, and at Th 〈 160°C no bonding is observed. It is assumed that the bonding effect is mainly a result of chemical reactions (solid state postcondensation and transreactions) taking place during the healing procedure.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 807-819 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of preliminary thermal treatment and diethylene glycol (DEG) content on the rate of degradation, DEG amount in the degradation products, WAXS, relative viscosity, and density of the understructed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is studied upon aminolysis with hydrazine hydrate at 60 and 85°C. The results indicate that (i) the aminolysis is a two-stage process, corresponding to the degradation of the amorphous and crystalline regions and (ii) the phase boundary is not sharp. A model is proposed, describing the comonomer distribution in the semicrystalline copolyesters. The comonomer units are concentrated mainly in the amorphous regions. The effect of degradation conditions like temperature, concentration, duration, particle size, deposition of low molecular products on the polymer surface, etc. is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 615-624 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Structure-properties relationships of poly(ether/ester)s (PEEs) 1 based on poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are studied. By varying the length of the soft segments (PEG) of molecular weights 600, 1000 and 2000) two series of PEEs are obtained, (i) with constant mole ratio PBT:PEG (the PBT block length being approximately the same) and (ii) with constant weight ratio PBT:PEG (different PBT segment length). The block structure is proved by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry studies. A three-phase morphology is established, i.e. two amorphous phases (polyether and polyester) and a crystalline phase (PBT), each one distinguished by its own transition temperature. At low temperatures (between -60 and 20°C) a fourth phase (crystalline PEG) appears. Small angle X-ray scattering intensity and long spacing increase abruptly for the compositions with PEG 2000. The mechanical characteristics of the studied PEEs depend on the weight ratio of the two types of blocks.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 603-614 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of poly(ether/ester)s 1 based on poly(butylene terephthalate)Systematic IUPAC nomenclature: poly(oxytetramethyleneoxyterephthaloyl). and poly(ethylene glycol) is synthesized. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements prove a block structure of the prepared copolymers. The DSC curves suggest the existence of a three-phase morphology  -  two amorphous phases for both polyether and polyester segments, and a crystalline phase for the polyester segments. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements lead to the same conclusion. The degree of crystallinity assigned to the polyester fraction differs insignificantly and is similar to that of the homopolymer. SAXS data show approximately the same long spacing for all crystallizable copolymers. The tensile parameters of the studied polymers are similar to those of available commercial products based on poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(tetrahydrofuran).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 2355-2365 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of poly(ether/ester)s derived from dimethyl terephthalate, 1,4-butanediol, 2-butyne-1,4-diol (2-BD-1,4) and α-hydro-ω-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) (molecular weight 1000) is synthesized. The mole ratio of the starting components is selected to result in copolymers with constant hard : soft segment weight ratio (59:41). The amount of 2-BD-1,4 is varied from 0 to 20 wt.-% referred to the total amount of the short-chain diols used. The incorporation of 2-BD-1,4 in the macrochains is proved by 1H NMR measurements. A small increase of the oxygen index is found with increasing the amount of 2-BD-1,4. It is established that the poly(ether/ester) containing 10 wt.-% of 2-BD-1,4 behaves as known poly(ether/ester)s. Data from differential scanning calorimetry suggest a three-phase structure, two amorphous and one crystalline one. Small-angle X-ray studies of the annealed samples reveal a strong tendency to phase separation with increasing the annealing temperature. The latter is in agreement with density measurements.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Annealed drawn and undrawn bristles of poly(ether/ester)s based on poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) (PTMT) and poly(ethylene glycol) PEG 1000 (in various ratios) are studied by means of small-angle X-ray scatering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The samples with the lowest PTMT content (49 wt.-% PTMT) show on abrupt increase of the scattering intensity and the long spacing with increasing annealing temperature Ta, this increase becoming less pronounced with increasing fraction of hard segment (PTMT). The DSC heating scans are characterized by a low-temperature glass transition due to the soft polyether segments and a multiple melting behaviour at about 200°C due to the crystalline hard PTMT segments. The data suggest a dependence of the thermal behaviour on the chemical composition, annealing temperature, and orientation. The characteristics of the undrawn samples are similar to those of the homopolyester PTMT and the copolymers based on PTMT and poly(tetramethylene oxide). Evidence is found for an increase of phase separation with an increase of the annealing temperature. The formation of larger amorphous regions of PEG with increasing Ta determines the thermal and scattering behaviour observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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