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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 34 (2003), S. 23-23 
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Ramaswamy et al. compared gene expression profiles of adenocarcinoma metastases to unmatched primary adenocarcinomas. They found an expression pattern that distinguished primary tumors from metastases but also reported that a subset of primary tumors had the expression pattern of metastases. This ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The early development of blood vessels consists of two phases, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, which involve distinct and also overlapping molecular regulators, but the intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in these processes have not been well defined. We disrupted Map3k3 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 229 (1971), S. 564-564 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The amounts of L-asparaginase necessary to produce regression of sensitive tumours have been worked out, but the frequency of administration required for optimal in vivo effects is not known. We report here the effects of L-asparaginase on the incidence of experimental metastasis and describe an ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 270 (1977), S. 735-736 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Macrophages that normally reside in the peritoneal cavity and those that are induced to accumulate there by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of inflammatory agents are not cytotoxic to tumour cells in vitro3'*. Such PEM can be rendered tumoricidal (TM) 'by bacterial products, endo-toxins, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 283 (1980), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Metastases do not result from random survival of cells released from the primary tumour but from the selective growth of specialised subpopulations of highly metastatic cells endowed with specific properties that befit them to complete each step of the metastatic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 19 (1995), S. 226-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les métastases relèvent d'un phénomène hautement sélectif responsable de la survie et de la croissance d'une quantité réduite de sous-populations cellulaires préexistantes à l'intérieur de la tumeur primitive. Pour pouvoir métastaser, les cellules tumorales doivent franchir la première barrière tissulaire, emboliser et survivre dans la circulation, s'arrêter dans un lit capillaire à distance, s'extravaser et se multiplier dans le parenchyme de l'organe cible métastasé. Le résultat de ce processus dépend de l'interaction des cellules métastatiques avec des facteurs multiples dépendant de l'hôte. Pour évaluer le potentiel métastatique, il faut implanter des cellules humaines tumorales chez la sourie nude orthotopiquement. Cette implantation orthotopique est associée invariablement avec le traumatisme de l'organe spécifique, suivie d'inflammation et ensuite de réparation. Les facteurs de croissance spécifiques pourraient être responsables de la stimulation des cellules tumorales qui lisent des récepteurs spécifques de surface. La compréhension des facteurs qui régissent le phénomène de métastases devraient aider à établir une meilleure thérapeutique.
    Abstract: Resumen El proceso del desarrollo de metástasis neoplásicas es altamente selectivo y favorece la supervivencia y el crecimiento de las pocas subpoblaciones de las células preexistentes dentro de un neoplasma primario heterogéneo. Para producir metástasis, las células tumorales deben lograr con éxito la invasión, embolización, supervivencia en la circulación permanencia en una red capilar distante y extra-vasación para multiplicarse en el parénquima de un órgano. El resultado final de este proceso depende de la interacción de las células metastáticas con múltiples factores presentes en el huésped. Para determinar con precisión el potencial metastático es necesario implantar ortotópicamente células tumorales humanas recuperadas de especímenes quirúrgicos en ratones atímicos. Esta implantación ortotópica de células tumorales invariablemente se ve asociada con trauma al órgano específico de implantación trauma que es seguido por el proceso de inflamación y reparación. Los factores de crecimiento tisular pueden ser responsables del estímulo de las células tumorales que posean los correspondientes receptores específicos de superficie. La mejor comprensión de los factores que regulan las metástasis cancerosas habrá de permitir el diseño de terapias racionales.
    Notes: Abstract The process of metastasis is highly selective and favors the survival and growth of a few subpopulations of cells that preexist within a heterogecous primary neoplasm. To produce metastases, tumor cells must succeed in invasion, embolization, survival in the circulation, arrest in a distant capillary bed, and extravasation into and multiplication in organ parenchyma. The outcome of this process depends on the interaction of metastatic cells with multiple host factors. To assess metastatic potential accurately, it is necessary to orthotopically implant human tumor cells recovered from surgical specimens into nude mice. This orthotopic implantation of tumor cells is invariably associated with trauma to the specific organ of implantation, which is followed by the processes of inflammation and repair. Tissue-specific growth factors may be responsible for stimulation of tumor cells that possess specific surface receptors. Understanding the factors that regulate cancer metastasis should allow for the design of rational therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 43 (1999), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Metastasis ; Homeostasis ; Drug resistance ; Angiogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The major cause of death from cancer is metastases that are resistant to conventional therapies. Several reasons account for treatment failure in patients with metastases. First, neoplasms are biologically heterogeneous and contain subpopulations of cells with different angiogenic, invasive, and metastatic properties. Second, the process of metastasis selects a small subpopulation of cells that preexist within a parental neoplasm. Although metastases can have a clonal origin, genetic instability results in rapid biological diversification and the regeneration of heterogeneous subpopulations of cells. Third, and perhaps the most important principle for the design of new cancer therapies, is that the outcome of metastasis depends on multiple interactions (“cross-talk”) of metastatic cells with homeostatic mechanisms which the tumor cells usurp. The organ microenvironment can influence the biology of cancer growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in several different ways. For example, the survival and growth of tumor cells are dependent on angiogenesis, which is mediated by an imbalance between positive and negative regulating molecules released by tumor cells, normal cells surrounding a tumor, and infiltrating lymphoid cells. Many cytokines that stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis are present in different tissues, and thus the organ environment profoundly influences this process. Moreover, the organ microenvironment can also influence the response of metastases to chemotherapy by regulating the expression of different drug resistance genes, such as mdr-1. The finding that the resistance of metastases to some chemotherapeutic agents can be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms has obvious implications for therapy. The identification of organ-specific cytokines that can upregulate expression of mdr-1 (or other resistant mechanisms) may suggest an approach to overcome the resistance of some metastases to particular chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore therapy of metastasis should be targeted not only against metastatic tumor cells, but also the homeostatic factors that are favorable to metastasis, growth, and survival of the metastatic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Multilamellar liposomes containing lymphokines from mitogen-stimulated rat lymphocytes were injected IV into BALB/c or (C57BL/6×C3H)F1 mice and Beagle dogs to evaluate their potential toxicity. Animals received either single or multiple (×3, ×4, or ×6) injections. All animals receiving liposomes remained clinically healthy. No hematologic changes were detected in liposome-treated mice, but lymphocytosis was detected in the treated dogs. Slight elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamine oxalo-acetic transaminase levels was also found in treated dogs, and occasional animals showed elevated serum bilirubin levels. No histologic evidence of liver damage was found in these animals. No gross or histologic changes were detected in any major organ systems in treated animals. Mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of dogs that received liposome-encapsulated lymphokines IV were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against allogeneic tumor cell lines. Lymphocyte-, monocyte-, and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro was unaltered. Murine alveolar and peritoneal macrophages harvested 24 h after injection of liposome-encapsulated lymphokines exhibited significant tumoricidal activity in vitro, but activation depended on the route of liposome administration. These data indicate that liposome-encapsulated lymphokines do not cause significant toxicity in vivo and are able to activate macrophages in specific anatomic compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The IV injection of squalene-treated cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra (N-CWS) into F344 rats rendered their alveolar macrophages (AM) tumoricidal. Maximum tumoricidal activity developed in AM by 24 h after the IV, but not IP or SC, injection of 300 μg N-CWS. Tumoricidal activity of AM was maintained for 48–72 h after one IV injection of N-CWS. Experimental lung metastases were produced in female F344 rats by the IV injection of viable syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Treatments twice weekly with Hank's balanced salt solution, N-CWS placebo or N-CWS began 3, 7, or 10 days later and were continued for 3 or 4 weeks for a total of six or eight treatments. Practically all the rats (〉90%) treated with N-CWS beginning on either day 3 or day 7 after tumor cell challenge survived until day 210, when the experiment was terminated. In contrast, 90% of the rats treated with balanced salt solution or N-CWS placebo died by day 70 of the experiment. Therapy with N-CWS preparation was not successful when the first injection was administered 10 days after tumor cell challenge, suggesting that this therapeutic regimen is effective only against minimal tumor burden. We conclude that in this animal tumor model, the IV injection of N-CWS preparations can render AM tumoricidal and aid in the eradication of pulmonary micrometastases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human recombinant gamma interferon (INF-γ) activated human peripheral blood monocytes to a cytotoxic state capable of lysing adherent tumorigenic cells without harming normal cells. The efficiency of INF-γ activation of monocytes is enhanced by encapsulating INF-γ within liposomes: The minimum effective dose (MED) of free INF-γ for monocyte activation was found to be 1–10 U/ml, per 105 monocytes, whereas the minimum dose for INF-γ encapsulated in liposomes was less than 0.0025 U. Monocytes treated with liposome-encapsulated INF-γ retained their cytotoxic phenotype for much longer than do monocytes treated with free INF-γ. Since liposomes can be passively targeted to cells of the reticuloendothelial system following IV administration, these findings suggest that liposome-encapsulated INF-γ may have therapeutic potential that should be evaluated in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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