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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kristallisation vonγ-bestrahlten Polyäthylen-Terephthalaten die in einem großen Temperaturbereich kristallisiert wurden, ist mit Hilfe der Differential-Kalorimetrie untersucht worden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Unterschied zwischen demAvrami-Exponenten der Tieftemperatur-Kristallisation und der von vorgeschmolzenen Proben ausgehenden Kristallisation nicht so ausgeprägt war wie bei dem unbestrahlten Polymer. Die Deckungsgleichheit der Tieftemperatur-Kristallisations-Isothermen entlang der log-Zeit-Achse und das Unvermögen der Vorschmelz-Isothermen, dasselbe zu tun, weisen jedoch darauf hin, daß die Kristallisations-Mechanismen verschieden sind. Die Kristallisations-Geschwindigkeit und die Kristallinität werden mit der Bestrahlung verändert, und zwar wird das ersterwähnte mit zunehmender Strahlungsdosis anfangs verzögert und dann beschleunigt, während das letztere ein Minimum bei 2 mrad hat. Die unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten und Kristallinitäten werden diskutiert mit Rücksicht auf Kettenspaltung und Vernetzung. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem Kristall-Schmelzpunkt und der Kristallisations-Temperatur für den Vorschmelz-Prozeß ist wie in der Theorie vorhergesagt. Die Schmelzpunkte beim Tieftemperatur-Kristallisations-Prozeß sind höher als theoretisch, vermutlich durch Tempern oder weitere Rekristallisation.
    Notes: Summary The crystallization ofγ-irradiated polyethylene terephthalate, crystallized over a wide range of temperatures, has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the difference between theAvrami exponents for the low temperature and pre-melt crystallization processes was not as pronounced as it was for the unirradiated polymer. The superposability of the low temperature crystallization isotherms along the log time axis and the inability of the pre-melt isotherms to do this suggest that the crystallization mechanisms are different. The rates of crystallization and the crystallinity are affected by irradiation, the former being first retarded and then speeded-up with dosage increase, whilst the latter is a minimum at 2 mrad. The differing rates and crystallinities are discussed with respect to chain scission and crosslinking. The relationship between the crystalline melting points and the crystallization temperatures for the premelt process is as predicted by theory. The melting points of the low temperature crystallization process are higher than those predicted by theory, annealing or further recrystallization being thought to have occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 949-956 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A simple theoretical analysis has been developed for the force required to pull out an inextensible cord, or an array of cords, partly embedded in an elastic block. The analysis is based upon Griffith's fracture criterion: that energy supplied by the loading device as the cords are pulled out must be greater than the energy required to fracture the cord-block interface plus any increase in strain energy of the block itself. The pull-out force is obtained in this way as a function of cord diameter, the dimensions of the block, Young's modulus of the block material and the fracture energy per unit area of the interface. Measurements with brass-plated steel wire cords of various diameters, embedded to various depths in rubber blocks of varied dimensions, made of rubber having a wide range of Young's modulus, were all found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. Moreover, the inferred value of the interfacial fracture energy is similar to a directly-measured value for rubber adhering to brass, about 20 kJ m−2. The theoretical treatment also predicts that the total pull-out force for an array of n cords will increase in proportion to n 1/2, until transverse fracture intervenes. Both the proportionality to n 1/2and the predicted transition to transverse fracture instead of cord pull-out have been observed. This broad agreement with the predictions of the theory suggests that the main factors governing cord pull-out have been taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 10 (1972), S. 1625-1629 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 777-787 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of isotactic and syndiotactic 1,4-polypentadienes with a cis content of at least 70%-75% using i-Bu2AlH/Ti(i-OPr)4 and AlEtCl2/thiophene/Co(acetylacetonate)2 catalysts, respectively, is reported. Physical characterization of the vulcanizates, prepared by a common recipe, involving infrared analysis, DTA, simple stress-strain and swelling measurements, and dynamic mechanical measurements over a frequency range of 2 decades and temperature range of -60°C to +20°C indicated that no isomerization had taken place during vulcanization and that stereoregularity of the polymer chains affected the resultant cure: the isotactic form was found to have a greater crosslink density than the syndiotactic form. Master curves covering an extended frequency range were constructed from the reduced dynamic mechanical data and the calculated quantities - thermal expansion coefficients of free volume and the fractional free volumes at the glass transition temperatures - agree with the accepted values. Glass transition temperatures of the isotactic and syndiotactic polymers are -37°C and -42°C, respectively, and for their vulcanizates, -33°C and -40°C, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 135 (1970), S. 263-274 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kinetik der Kristallisation von Poly(äthylenterephthalat) wurde mit einem Differentialkalorimeter in einem weiten Temperaturbereich (95-110°C und 230-240°C) untersucht. Die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeiten der beiden Prozesse sind in Übereinstimmung mit früheren dilatometrischen Messungen. Die nicht ganzzahligen Werte für den AVRAMI-Exponenten, n = 4,5 und n = 3,4 für die Kristallisation bei niederen Temperaturen bzw. vorgeschmolzenen Proben, stimmen nicht mit den veröffentlichten Werten von n = 2,0 und n = 4,0 überein. Der Wert von n = 4,5 für die Kristallisation bei niederen Temperaturen ist überraschend. Eine mögliche Erklärung besteht darin, die Kristallisationskeimbildung als eine Funktion höherer Ordnung anzunehmen. Da die n-Werte keine ganzen Zahlen sind, geben sie nur geringe Hinweise über den Mechanismus der Kristallisation. Hinweise über den Mechanismus geben die Isothermen der Kristallisation bei niederen Temperaturen. Diese sind entlang der log-T-Achse deckungsgleich, was für die Isothermen der vorgeschmolzenen Proben nicht zutrifft.Zusätzliche röntgenographische Untersuchungen zeigen die Anwesenheit von nur einer Kristallform. Sie zeigen ferner keine wesentliche Zunahme der Kristallitgröße in Proben, die bei 150 bzw. 105°C kristallisiert wurden; bei 235°C kristallisierte Proben zeigen hingegen eine besser ausgebildete und höher orientierte Struktur als die vorgenannten.Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Schmelzpunkten der kristallisierten Proben und der Kristallisationstemperatur stimmt mit den Ergebnissen von MANDELKERN überein.
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study the kinetics of the crystallization processes of polyethylene terephthalate over a wide temperature range, 95-110°C and 230-240°C. The rates of crystallization of the two processes are in agreement with earlier dilatometric measurements. Nonintegral values of the AVRAMI exponent, n = 4.5 and n = 3.4, found for the low temperature and pre-melt processes, respectively, are not in agreement with reported values of n = 2.0 and n = 4.0 for these processes. The value of n = 4.5 for the low temperature crystallization is surprising and not easily accounted for; one possible explanation is that the time dependence of the nucleation process is greater than first order. Because of their fractionality the n values yield little information on the mechanism of crystallization. Some mechanistic information is available since the low temperature crystallization isotherms are superposable along the log-time axis, whereas the pre-melt isotherms are not.Additional X-ray data have indicated the existence of one crystalline form. The X-ray data show no significant crystallite size increase for samples crystallized at 150°C over those crystallized at 105°C. Samples crystallized at 235°C show a larger and more ordered crystalline structure than those crystallized at 105 and 150°C.The relationship between the crystalline melting points and the temperatures of crystallization is as predicted by MANDELKERN.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 5 (1967), S. 761-765 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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