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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 23 (1990), S. 2901-2904 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acrylonitrile (AN) and butadiene (BD) were copolymerized in the presence of binary C2H5AlCl2—MtXn (MtXn = metal halide or metal alkoxide) and ternary ZnCl2—RmMtXn—VOCl3 (RmMtXn = metal alkyl or alkylmetal chloride) catalytic systems. The yield of the copolymer (mole ratio of units AN/BD = 1:1) formed in the presence of the above systems, and the effects of the molar proportion of catalyst components, of the reaction temperature and time on the copolymer yield in some systems were determined. The role of individual components of binary and ternary catalytic systems in the copolymerization is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 183 (1982), S. 1081-1091 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) and isobutylene (IB) in the presence of Lewis acids (EtAlCl2, Et2AlCl, Et3Al, AlCl3, and ZnCl2) at low Lewis acid/MA mole ratio was investigated. EtAlCl2 and Et2AlCl were found to initiate the spontaneous reaction. An alternating copolymer was produced in this reaction when an excess of IB in the initial monomer feed was used. The copolymerization in the presence of Et3Al, AlCl3, and ZnCl2 did not proceed spontaneously and was initiated by dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO). In this case MA-rich copolymers are formed even in systems containing a large excess of IB in the monomer feed. The addition of BPO to systems containing ethylaluminium chlorides strongly diminishes the tendency towards alternating propagation. It was concluded that the mode of initiation has a significant influence on the copolymer composition. The alternating copolymerization by EtAlCl2 was studied in detail in order to determine the influence of the catalyst concentration, monomer feed ratio, reaction temperature and time on the monomer conversion, copolymer composition, molecular weight and tacticity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1988), S. 53-65 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The free-radical terpolymerization of maleic anhydride, styrene, and acrylic monomers such as acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate was studied. The alternating copolymerization of maleic anhydride with styrene was found to be favored in those systems. Contrary to theoretical predictions, maleic anhydride is more reactive than styrene in ternary systems. The relative reactivity of the acrylic monomers studied was found to decrease in the order: methyl methacrylate ≥ methyl acrylate 〉 acrylonitrile. In the presence of a Lewis acid, such as ZnCl2 or C2H5AlCl2, the relative reactivity of acrylic monomers increases and at the respective complexing agent concentration the copropagation of the acrylic monomer with styrene can dominate. On the basis of the results obtained, some aspects of the mechanism of alternating propagation in systems comprising an electron-donor monomer and two electron-acceptor monomers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1988), S. 2719-2730 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The copolymerization of sulfur dioxide with methyl, ethyl, butyl or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was studied. The influence of the composition of monomer feed and reaction temperature on the composition of the copolymers was investigated. The maximum content of sulfonyl units in the copolymers, obtained at -78°C, was found to be ca. 30 mol-% and to decrease with increasing temperature. The sequence distribution in the copolymers was determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was proved that acrylates do not undergo alternating propagation with SO2, and the minimum number of acrylate monomeric units in a homosequence is 2. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from studies on the copolymerization of SO2, with other monomers, and are discussed in terms of the alternating copolymerization theory and the penultimate model.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden IR-, NMR- und UV-Untersuchungen der Acrylnitril- und Methylmethacrylat-Komplexe 1 und 2 mit verschiedenen Lewis-Säuren durchgeführt und der Einfluß der Lewis-Säure-Stärke auf die Größe der Induktionseffekte und auf die Delokalisierung der π-Elektronen bestimmt. Mit Erhöhung der relativen Acidität der komplexbildenden Verbindung nimmt der Induktionseffekt der Nitril- oder Carbonylgruppe zu, was zur Erniedrigung der Elektronendichte am β-Kohlenstoffatom in der Vinylgruppe führt. Die Komplexbildung mit dem Monomeren verursacht auch eine erhöhte Delokalisierung der π-Elektronen in dessen Molekül. In Komplexen mit Lewis-Säuren mittlerer Stärke, zu denen z. B. CH3AlCl2, und C2H5AlCl2 gehören, ist wahrscheinlich die Delokalisierung der π-Elektronen am größten. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das durch C2H5AlCl2 komplexge-bundene Methylmethacrylat einen «Charge transfer»-Komplex mit 1,5-Cyclooctadien bildet. Auf Grund der Spektraluntersuchungen und der friiher erhaltenen Ergebnisse der Copolymerisation von Acryl-Monomeren mit Butadien wurde der Schluß gezogen, daß die Delokalisierung der π-Elektronen im komplexgebundenen Monomermolekül zu den wichtigsten, die Copolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bestimmenden Faktoren gehört.
    Notes: Complexes of acrylonitrile and of methyl methacrylate with various Lewis acids, 1 and 2, were studied by means of IR, NMR, and UV spectroscopy. The influence of the Lewis acid strength on the induction effect and on the delocalization of π-electrons in the complexed monomer molecule was established. As the relative acidity of the complexing agent is increased, the inductive effect of the nitrile or of the carbonyl group in the complex molecule rises, whereby the electron density on the carbon atom in β-position in the vinyl group diminishes. Complexation of the monomer also results in increased delocalization of π-electrons in the molecule. In the complexes with moderately strong Lewis acids like CH3AlCl2 and C2H5AlCl2, delocalization of π-electrons seems to reach its maximum. The methyl methacrylate-C2H5AlCl2 complex was found to give a charge-transfer complex with 1,5-cyclooctadiene. On the basis of the present spectroscopic studies and of earlier studies on copolymerization of acryl monomers with butadiene, the delocalization of π-electrons in the complexed monomer molecule is believed to be one of the major factors controlling the rate of copolymerization.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The copolymerizations of acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl vinyl ketone, acroleine, and acrylic acid with butadiene were carried out in the presence of the Lewis acids ZnCl2, BF3, CH3AlCl2, C2H5AlCl2, AlCl3, SnCl4, and TiCl4 and also in the absence of catalyst. Relative reactivity orders of the above polar vinyl monomers in the copolymerization and 1,4-cycloaddition reactions with butadiene and also the catalytic activity orders of Lewis acids in these reactions were determined. The composition of the polymers formed and the structure of their butadiene units were also determined. The mechanism of the copolymerization and 1,4-cycloaddition of the polar vinyl monomers with butadiene in the presence of Lewis acids is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2279-2285 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerizations of acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate initiated by the system ethylaluminium dichloride (EtAlCl2)-p-chloranil (PClA) were studied. The effect of the catalyst system components on the initiation, propagation and termination steps is discussed in terms of a free radical reaction mechanism. The catalytic system EtAlCl2-PClA behaved similarly in the copolymerization of MMA with styrene as in the free radical homopolymerization of MMA. Polymerizations of vinyl monomers, not forming relatively stable complexes with EtAlCl2 (in contrast to acrylic and methacrylic monomers), such as vinyl chloride, styrene and isobutylene, were also studied in the presence of the EtAlCl2-PClA system.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymerizations of alkyl acrylates (alkyl: ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and 2-ethylhexyl) with vinyl chloride and isobutylene in the presence of catalytic amounts of C2H5AlCl2 were studied. Depending on the inonomer feed, equimolar or acrylate-rich copolymers were obtained in most of these reactions. Only tert-butyl acrylate does not produce any copolymers, due to its decomposition under the action of C2H5AICI2. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate forms with isobutylene only acrylate-rich copolymers. By 13C NMR spectroscopy it could be shown that equimolar copolymers have an alternation structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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