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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The accuracy of assays based on galactosidase and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific to Thanatephorus cucumeris were compared with techniques based on soil dilution plating and baiting in sterilized field soil. Although soil dilution plating is reasonably quantitative, it requires substantial time, material and labour. Plant baits gave inconsistent results in the estimation of T. cucumeris populations in the soil. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies is suitable for detecting the presence of a range of anastomosis groups (AGs) of 71 cucumeris in soil samples, but more quantitative applications seem to be limited to a very narrow range of concentrations of the fungus (0–10 μg/g). Monoclonal antibody ELISA could be used if the soil samples are routinely further diluted, provided the range of concentrations is uniformly low. An assay of β-galactosidase permits estimation of a more adequate range of concentrations (0–500 μg/g) and may be used in defined experiments using uninoculated soil samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Common agricultural weeds and crops that grow in the high hills of Nepal were examined after artificial inoculation and under natural conditions in the UK and Nepal to determine whether such plant species could act as hosts to biovar 2 of Ralstonia solanacearum. Bacterial populations in the roots were determined 1 and 2 months after inoculation, and at various intervals after harvesting infected potato crops under natural conditions. Inoculated roots of the summer weeds Drymaria cordata and Polygonum capitata and the winter weeds Cerastium glomeratum and Stellaria media yielded 102−107 colony-forming units per g root. High populations of the bacterium were recovered from these plants even after partial surface sterilization, indicating that systemic infection had occurred. Ralstonia solanacearum populations were recovered from root extracts of 75% of naturally growing D. cordata plants when sampled 3 months after harvest of a potato crop with bacterial wilt. Similarly, root extracts of 25% of P. capitata plants carried the bacterium. No potential winter weed hosts were infected under natural conditions when sampled 5 and 6 months after harvest of infected potato, indicating that winter conditions in the high hills of Nepal are not conducive to infection. Among crops, mustard (Brassica juncea cv. Fine White) developed typical wilt symptoms after artificial inoculation in warm glasshouse conditions (20–28°C). Mustard and barley are winter crops in Nepal. However, neither mustard (Brassica juncea var. Lumle Tori) nor barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Bonus) was infected when planted into heavily infested plots under natural conditions. The results indicated that the role of nonsolanaceous summer weeds in the persistence of biovar 2 of R. solanacearum in the environment may have been previously underestimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The sensitivity and specificity of various methods were compared for routine detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in a sandy loam soil. Populations fewer than 102 CFU per g soil were detected by dilution plating on a modified semiselective medium (SMSA). In comparison, a tomato bioassay was shown consistently to detect populations at or greater than 7·5 × 105 CFU per g soil. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was as sensitive as the tomato bioassay, but detected as few as 104 CFU per g soil when the suspension was first incubated in SMSA broth prior to testing. Detection using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was equally as sensitive as that using culture on SMSA agar, but only when the infested soil sample was first enriched overnight in SMSA broth prior to the nested PCR. Longer incubation periods in SMSA broth also increased the sensitivity of pathogen detection using a conventional PCR method, permitting detection of as few as 102 CFU per g soil after 60 h enrichment in SMSA broth. When evaluated using naturally infected field soils in Nepal, isolation of R. solanacearum on SMSA was reliable only when pathogen populations were higher than those of saprophytic soilborne bacteria. As few as 5 × 102 CFU of R. solanacearum per g were recovered from naturally infested soil, whereas the sensitivity of indirect ELISA was 106 CFU g−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 41 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The powdery mildew Erysiphe pisi var. pisi, complete with its teleomorph, has been observed on faba beans (Vicia faba cultivars) for the first time in Britain. It appeared in a glasshouse on Syrian lines of fodder bean and English cultivars of broad bean. It also infected tare (Vicia sativa) and sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), but not edible pea (Pisum sativum), ornamental lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus), French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) or sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia). Inoculations in a glasshouse showed that another strain of E. pisi var. pisi found on outdoor everlasting pea (Lathyrus latifolius) was also capable of affecting faba bean, and was distinguished by its ability to infect edible pea. A third strain found on outdoor ornamental lupin infected only lupin. E. pisi var. pisi was shown to be morphologically and pathogenically distinct from the Erysiphe sp. newly affecting tomatoes in Britain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 14 (1971), S. 61-73 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Eintritt der Bakterien in die Kartoffelknollen durch Wunden und Lentizellen wurde durch die Umwelt beeinflusst. Die TTC (Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid)-Reaktion der inokulierten Lentizellen zeigten, dass eine Infektion nur bei einer relativen Feuchtigkeit von mehr als 80% (Tabelle 1) vorkommt. Die Anfälligkeit frischer Wunden scheint eher durch die Entwicklung von Suberin als von Wundperiderm (Tabelle 2) begrenzt zu werden. Sowohl Verkorkung als auch Peridermbildung erfolgten bei hohen Temperaturen und/ oder relativer Feuchtigkeit schneller als bei niedriger (Tabelle 3). Bei in Inokulum eingelegten Knollen war die Eindringungsgeschwindigkeit unter Lentizellen konstant: diejenige unter Wunden war gleich, ausgenommen in den Anfangsstadien, als sie langsamer war (Abb. 3). Untersuchunge im Licht- und Elektronenmikroskop von Knollen, die unter verschiedenen Umweltsbedingungen mitErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica inokuliert wurden, zeigten, dass die Resistenz gegen das Eindringen offenbar auf die Bildung einer Korkbarriere in den interzellularen Räumen und in zwei Bändern innerhalb der Zellwand (Abb. 1, 2, 4) zurückzuführen ist. Die Suberinschicht, wenn sie vollständig ist, verhindert das Eindringen; wenn die Barriere jedoch unvollständig ist, können beim Abbau von Pektin die Bakterien die Korkschicht umgeben (Abb. 5C, D). In befallenen Geweben sind die Bakterien völlig interzellulär (Abb. 5A, B). Selbst beim Fehlen einer vollständigen Barriere aus Suberin bietet das Periderm dank der geringen Menge Pektin und dem Fehlen interzellularer Räume (Abb, 4D, E, 1B) den eindringenden Bakterien beträchtlichen Widerstand. Der Hoepner-Vor-satz-Test zeigt an, dass sowohl in hoch empfindlichen, wuchernden Lentizellen als auch in resistenten Gewebe, wie z.B. Periderm, genügend Polyphenole vorhanden sind; sie sind stets intrazellulär, weshalb es wahrscheinlich ist, dass diese Substanzen nicht als eine direkte Schranke gegenErwinia wirken.
    Abstract: Résumé La pénétration bactérienne dans les tubercules de pomme de terre par les blessures et les lenticelles dépendent de l'environnement. La réaction de lenticelles inoculées au TTC (triphenyl tetrazolium chlorure) montre que l'infection apparaît seulement à des humidités relatives supérieures à 80% (Tableau 1). La susceptibilité des blessures fraîches apparaît limitée par le développement de suber plutôt que par celui du périderme de blessure (Tableau 2). La tubérisation et la formation du périderme sont toutes deux plus rapides à haute température et/ou à humidité relative élevée plutôt que basse (Tableau 3). Chez les tubercules immergés dans l'inoculum, la vitesse de pénétration directement sous les lenticelles est constante; la pénétration directement sous les blessures est similaire sauf dans les stades initiaux où elle est plus lente (Fig. 3). L'examen à la lumière et au microscope électronique de tubercules inoculés avecErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica sous diverses conditions de milieu montre que la résistance à l'invasion est due apparemment à la formation sousjacente d'une barrière de suber dans les espaces intercellulaires et dans deux bandes à l'intérieur de la paroi cellulaire (Fig. 1, 2, 4). La barrière de suber, si elle est complète, prévient l'invasion; si cependant la barrière est incomplète, la pectolyse s'étend au travers des lacunes et dès lors le suber peut être contourné par les bactéries (Fig. 5C, D). Dans les tissus envahis, les bactéries sont entièrement intercellulaires (Fig. 5A, B). De même lorsqu'une barrière complète de suber est absente, le périderme offre une résistance considérable à l'invasion bactérienne, en raison de la faible quantité de pectine et du manque d'espaces intercellulaires (Fig. 4D, E, 1B). Le test Hoepner-Vorsatz indique que les polyphénols sont abondants dans les lenticelles proliférantes hautement susceptibles aussi bien que dans les tissus résistants tel qu'un périderme, et sont toujours intracellulaires; par conséquent, il apparaît vraisemblable que ces substances ne constituent pas un rempart direct contreErwinia.
    Notes: Summary Bacterial entry into potato tubers through wounds and lenticels was affected by the environment, especially by the prevailing relative humidity. Light and electron microscope examination of tubers inoculated withErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica under various environmental conditions showed that resistance to invasion was apparently due to the laying down of a barrier of suberin in the intercellular spaces and in two bands within the cell wall. The suberin barrier, if complete, prevents invasion; if, however, the barrier is incomplete, pectolysis spreads through the gaps and in such cases the suberin may be by-passed by the bacteria. Even in the absence of a complete suberin barrier, the periderm offers considerable resistance to bacterial invasion, due to the paucity of pectin and lack of intercellular spaces. In all cases the pathogen is wholly intercellular.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung im Elektronenmikroskop hat gezeigt, dass die Ausbreitung vonErwinia im Kartoffelknollengewebe in erster Linie durch die interzellularen Räume des Speichergewebes vor sich geht. Die einzige intrazellulare Infektion wurde in den Kalziumoxalat-Zellen (Abb. 1A) und im Xylem (Abb. 1B) gefunden. Beschränkter Befall der Xylem- und Phloem-Elemente führte zu lokaler Pektolyse- und Melanin-Bildung, begrenzt durch das verkorkte Gefässparenchym. Erweichung der Zellwand (Abb. 1C, D, E) führte zum Abbau von Pektin-Substanzen (demonstriert durch Anwendung der Albersheim-Färbe-Methode) (Abb. 2A, B). Bei älteren Befallsstadien war die Zellwand stark geschwollen, und die interzellularen Räume waren vergrössert (Abb. 2C). Die Plasmodesmen waren weniger verändert als andere Teile der Zellwand (Abb. 2D, E), aber die Plasmodesmen-Porenkanälchen wurden erweitert (Abb. 3A, B). Abbauerscheinungen führten auch zur Desorganisation des Cytoplasmas: der Kern schwoll stark an, blieb aber relativ intakt; das Brechen der Zellmembranen war verbunden mit der Verbreitung der Mikrokörper (Abb. 3C, D, Fig. 4). Beobachtungen über die Bildung von Suberin und Melanin an der Grenze des infizierten Bereiches zeigten, dass Suberin die Verbreitung der Bakterien hindern dürfte (Abb. 5A, B); die Rolle von Melanin, offenbar begrenzt auf das Zellinnere (Abb. 5C, D), ist viel unklarer. Der Einfluss der Temperatur und der Sauerstoffzufuhr auf die physikalischen Grenzen und damit auf die Verbreitung der Bakterien waren komplex (Fig. 6). Verschiedene abnormale Strukturen waren in verkorkenden Zellen, in besondern Myelin-Körpern und zahlreichen kleinen Vakuolen, wovon einige Melanin (Abb. 7A, B, C, D) enthielten, vorhanden.
    Abstract: Résumé Une étude au microscope électronique a révélé que l'extension de Erwinia dans le tissu de tubercule de pomme de terre apparaît en premier lieu par les espaces intercellulaires du parenchyme de réserve. La seule infection intracellulaire trouvée est localisée dans les cellules avec oxalate de calcium (Fig. 1A) et dans le xylème (Fig. 1B). L'infection réduite du xylème et des éléments du phloème cause une pectolyse localisée et une formation de mélanine limitée par le parenchyme vasculaire subérisé. La macération de la paroi cellulaire (Fig. 1C, D, E) entraîne la décomposition des substances pectiniques révéleé par la méthode de coloration de Albersheim (Fig. 2A, B). A des stades plus avancés d'infection, la paroi cellulaire est beaucoup dilatée avec des espaces intercellulaires agrandis (Fig. 2C). Les plasmodesmes sont moins affectés que les autres parties de la paroi cellulaire (Fig. 2D, E), mais les canaux plasmodesmiques sont élargis (Fig. 3A, B). La dégradation entrîne également la désorganisation du cytoplasma: les noyaux sont fortement dilatés mais restent relativement intacts; la rupture des membranes cellulaires est associée avec l'agrandissement des microorganites (fig. 3C, D, Fig. 4). Les observations sur la formation de subérine et de mélanine lors de l'infection des cloisons révèlent que la premiére peut empêcher l'extension bactérienne (Fig. 5A, B): le rôle de la derniére, apparemment confinée à l'intérieur des cellules (Fig, 5C, D) est beaucoup plus obscur. Les effets de la température et de l'apport d'oxygène sur les barrières physiques et de là sur l'extension bactérienne sont complexes (Fig. 6). Diverses structures anormales sont présentes dans les cellules en voie de subérisation, en particulier les corps mycéliniques et de nombreuses petites vacules, quelques-unes contenant de la mélanine (Fig, 7A, B, C, D).
    Notes: Summary An electron microscope study has shown that the spread ofErwinia through potato tuber tissue occurs primarily via the intercellular spaces of the storage parenchyma. Restricted infection of the xylem and phloem elements also occurs, leading to localised pectolysis and melanin formation limited by the suberised vascular parenchyma. As well as maceration of the cell wall tissue, degradation involves the disorganization of the cytoplasm, in which the rupturing of various cell membranes is associated with the enlargement of the microbodies. The effects of temperature and oxygen supply on the physical barriers and hence on bacterial spread are complex. Observations on the formation of suberin and melanin at the infection interface have shown that the former may hinder bacterial spread: the role of the latter is more obscure.
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