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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The kinetics of global changes in transcription patterns during competence development in Streptococcus pneumoniae was analysed with high-density arrays. Four thousand three hundred and one clones of a S. pneumoniae library, covering almost the entire genome, were amplified by PCR and gridded at high density onto nylon membranes. Competence was induced by the addition of CSP (competence stimulating peptide) to S. pneumoniae cultures grown to the early exponential phase. RNA was extracted from samples at 5 min intervals (for a period of 30 min) after the addition of CSP. Radiolabelled cDNA was generated from isolated total RNA by random priming and the probes were hybridized to identical high-density arrays. Genes whose transcription was induced or repressed during competence were identified. Most of the genes previously known to be competence induced were detected together with several novel genes that all displayed the characteristic transient kinetics of competence-induced genes. Among the newly identified genes many have suggested functions compatible with roles in genetic transformation. Some of them may represent new members of the early or late competence regulons showing competence specific consensus sequences in their promoter regions. Northern experiments and mutational analysis were used to confirm some of the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 371 (1976), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of primary amyloidosis is presented which diffusely involved the alveolar septa. The lung was studied by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The fine structure of the amyloid material showed it to be porous, homogeneous, and an acellular substance consisting of interwoven bundles of amyloid fibrils. The fine structure of the amyloid material was considered to explain the normal gas diffusion across the alveolar respiratory membrane. The diagnosis of amyloidosis was first made from a uterine cervical biopsy specimen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 37 (1967), S. 120-134 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus 104 Kartoffelzuchtklonen, die Gene von Wildarten besitzen, wurden 1978 primäre Haploide gewonnen (Tab. 1). Eine Vorselektion der Haploiden durch Plastidenzählung in den Schließzellenpaaren was sehr effektiv. Jahrgangseinflüsse außerhalb des Zeitraums der Befruchtung über einen Einfluß auf die Haploidrate aus (Tab. 3). Spätkeimende Samen zeigen eine doppelt so hohe Haploidrate wie normalkeimende Samen (Tab. 4). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Samengröße und Vitalität der Haploiden wurde teils in Samen, die zur Extraktion von primären Haploiden dienen, und teils in Samen aus sekundären Haploiden untersucht. Bei primären Haploiden gaben mittlere Samengrößen die vitalsten Pflanzen, bei sekundären Haploiden dagegen die größeren Samen (Tab. 10). Der Prozentsatz primärer Haploider nimmt mit steigender Samengröße ab. Die beiden PollinatorenS. phureja P.I. 225 682.1 und .22 erbrachten im Gesamtdurchsmitt etwa 42 bzw. 27 Haploide pro 100 Beeren (Tab. 3). Im Vergleich mit dem Pollinator .1 bringt .22 beim Samenansatz eine viel größere Letalwirkung mit. Der relative Samenansatz pro Beere ist auf Grund einer Letalität in einem späten Embryostadium zehnmal so klein (Tab. 5). Der relative Anteil von Haploiden bzw. von 3x-Bastarden under den Samen ist bei .22 achtmal größer bzw. dreimal größer als bei. 1 (Tab. 5). Trotz Homozygotie für das AnthocyanmarkierungsgenP liefert .22 vereinzelt 4x- und 3x-Pflanzen mit grünem Hypokotyl. Als Erklärung wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß .22 für das Anthocyan-grundgenI heterozygot sei und daß das Alleli mit einem plasmasensiblen LetalgenEl gekoppelt sei. Formel der Kreuzung der grünen Haploidmutter mit .22 z. B.: [El s] $$\left[ {El^s } \right]pppp\frac{i}{{el}}\frac{i}{{el}}\frac{i}{{el}}\frac{i}{{el}} \times \left[ {el^r } \right]PP\frac{I}{{el}}\frac{i}{{El}}$$ . Durch crossing-over zwischeni undel entstehen lebensfähige 3x- und 4x-Bastarde mit grünem Hypokotyl. Die Annahme des LetalgensEl spricht gegen eine Haploidieauslösung durch “unreduzierten” Pollen. Es wurden keine Mutterklone gefunden, die zur Haploidieerzeugung unfähig waren. Verschiedene Mutterklone zeigen Unterschiede hinsichtlich ihrer Haploidrate pro 100 Beeren (Tab. 7). Die Ursache des mütterlichen Einflusses auf die Haploidrate wird diskutiert (S. 127). Das Anthocyangen P zeigt in der haploiden Nachkommenschaft einer triplex (PPPp)-Mutter eine überwiegende Chromatidenspaltung im Gegensatz zu Literaturangaben über reine Chromosomenspaltung (S. 128). Das Plasma (Demissum-, Stoloniferum-, Tuberosum-, “Andigena”- undSpegazzinii-Plasma), in dem das Genom der Haploidmütter eingelagert ist, beeinflußt die Höhe der Haploidrate pro 100 Beeren. Der Plasmaeinfluß ist je nach Pollinator verschieden (Tab. 8). Das “Andigena”- und dasSpegazzinii-Plasma reagieren weniger sensibel gegenüber der Letalwirkung von .22 als die übrigen Plasma-Typen. Die Plastidenzahlen in den Schließzellen von Haploiden zeigten ebenfalls charakteristische Unterschiede je nach dem Ursprung des mütterlichen Plasmas. Auch in diesem Fall reagierten die Plasmen vonTuberosum- undAndigena-Formen unterschiedlich (S. 129). Unter 1681 primären Haploiden wurden 64 mit 2n=25, 9 mit 2n=26 und 1 mit 2n=27 Chromosomen gefunden. Der Trisomenanteil in Haploiden aus 49chromosomigen Müttern war durchschnittlich nicht von dem der 48chromosomigen verschieden. Die 48chromosomigen Mütter variierten hinsichtlich ihrer Neigung, Trisome zu produzieren. Inzucht der Mutterklone fördert zwar generell die Neigung zur Trisomenbildung. Die Variation der einzelnen Inzuchtlinien war jedoch sehr groß. Einige inzuchttolerante Linien gaben keine Trisomen. Es wurden 3 Fälle von somatischer Reduktion (2n=14, 2n=14 und 2n=12), die ganze Seitenwurzeln betrafen, gefunden. In dem einen Fall lag eine 12-24chromosomige Wurzelchimäre vor. Die Beispiele von somatischer Reduktion und die häufigen Fälle von endomitotischen Verdopplungen (u. a. mit Diplochromosomen) im Wurzelspitzenmeristem zeugen von eine Störung des Korrelationsmechanismus zwischen Chromosomen-und Zellvermehrung, die vermutlich durch den Übergang von der diploiden zur haploiden Stufe ausgelöst wurde.
    Notes: Summary 104 potato breeding lines with genes from wild species gave rise to 1978 raw (=primary) haploids (tab. 1). Screening for haploids by counting the numbers of chloroplasts in the stomata proved a very effective technique. Seasonal influences before or after the period of fertilization affected the haploid rates (tab. 3). Seeds with delayed germination yielded twice the frequency of haploids compared with normally germinating seeds (tab. 4). There is an association between seed size and vitality of the haploids: In the primary haploids the most vigorous plants developed from medium sized seeds, in the secondary haploids, however, the biggest seeds yielded the plants with the best vitality (tab. 10). The percentage of primary haploids decreased with encreasing seed size. The two pollinators,S. phureja P. I. 225 682.1 and .22, yielded an average of about 42 and 27 haploids per 100 fruits, respectively (tab. 3). In comparison with .1, the pollinator .22 produced a higher number non-viable seed. The relative seed-set per fruit, compared with .1, amounts only to a tenth, because of seed collapse in a late embryo stage (tab. 5). The percentage of haploids and of 3x-hybrids among the seeds with use of .22 as a pollinator was eight times and three times as high, respectively, as using .1 as a pollinator (tab. 5). In spite of its homozygosity for the anthocyanin marker geneP, .22 yields occasionally a few 4x- and 3x- seedlings with a green hypocotyl. To explain this fact, the following hypothesis is put forward: .22 is heterozygous for the basic pigmentation geneI; the allelei is coupled with a plasmone-sensitive lethal geneEl. Thus, the formula for combining a green haploid parent line with .22 may be for example: [El s] $$\left[ {El^s } \right]pppp\frac{i}{{el}}\frac{i}{{el}}\frac{i}{{el}}\frac{i}{{el}} \times \left[ {el^r } \right]PP\frac{I}{{el}}\frac{i}{{El}}$$ . The viable 3x- and 4x-hybrids with green hypocotyls thus result from a crossover betweeni andel. The postulated lethal geneEl does not support haploid induction through “unreduced” pollen. We did not find a parent line that gave no rise to haploids. Various parent lines differed regarding the frequency of haploids per 100 berries (tab. 7). The influence of the female parent on the frequency of haploids is discussed. The haploid progeny of a triplex (PPPp) mother shows predominantly chromatid segregation; this is in contrast to statements in the literature concerning pure chromosome segregation forP. The “cytoplasm” (demissum-, stoloniferum-, tuberosum-, “andigena”- andspegazzinii-“cytoplasm”) in which the genome of the parent line is incorporated, also influences the frequency of haploids per 100 berries. The effect of the “cytoplasm” differs according to the pollinator used (tab. 8). “Andigena”- andspegazzinii-“cytoplasm” are less sensitive to the lethal effect from .22 than the other “cytoplasm” types. Differences in chloroplast numbers of guard cells from haploids, depending on the maternal “cytoplasm” involved, were also recorded. Here, too,tuberosum- and “andigena”-“cytoplasm” reacted differently (p. 129). Among 1681 primary haploids, 64 with 2n=25, 9 with 2n=26 and 1 with 2n=27 chromosomes were found. The number of trisomics among haploids from 49 chromosome parent lines did not differ, on the average, from the 48 chromosome lines. 48 chromosome parent lines differed in their ability to produce trisomics. Inbreeding of such parent lines promotes generally a trend for the production of trisomics. The various inbred lines differed, however, considerably in this respect, some inbreeding tolerating lines being without trisomics. Three cases of somatic reduction (2n=14, 2n=14 and 2n=12 in whole rootlets) were found. In the last case a 24-12 chromosome chimera was involved. The examples of somatic reduction and the more numerous cases of endomitotic reduplications (partly with diplochromosomes) in root tip meristems indicate a disturbance of the correlation mechanism between chromosome multiplication and cell multiplication. This, presumably, occurs during the transition from the diploid to the haploid level.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 38 (1968), S. 153-167 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The average number of plastids in ten pairs of guard cells is a very useful aid for screening haploids among tetraploid plants fromS. tuberosum x S. phureja. In individual seedlings the stomatal plastid number decreases from the cotyledons to the first leaves. From the lower to the upper part of stems there exists a decreasing gradient for plastid number and an increasing gradient for the number of stomata per leaf area unit, whereas the stomatal length does not show a consistent trend. In the stomata, plastid number and stomatal length are positively correlated. Mean numbers of plastids in guard cells increase by a factor below 2 (1.8–1.9) after each doubling of the chromosome number. The stomatal plastid numbers of 48-chromosome breeding lines and of their haploid progenies show a clear positive correlation. The mean plastid numbers in various haploid families from different mother plants display significant differences. The origin of the ‘cytoplasm’ (plasmone + plastome) fromS. demissum, S. stoloniferum, S. tuberosum, andigena forms ofS. tuberosum orS. spegazzinii in which the genome of the haploid is incorporated definitely influences the number of plastids in the guard cells. The stomatal numbers of plastids in 72 trisomic haploids show no significant deviation from the normal distribution of plastid numbers in haploids. Plastid number and stomatal length show a positive correlation in a population of 48 haploid lines and also in the same lines after doubling and quadrupling the chromosome number, the coefficient of regression decreasing with increasing ploidy level. In the above mentioned material there exists a strong positive correlation between the haploid and the corresponding homodiploid plants concerning stomatal length and the number of plastids. A comparison of the correlation stomatal length/plastid number at the 24-, 48- and 96-chromosome levels in three different genotypes reveals that some individuals are more sensitive to a rise in ploidy level than others and that the stomatal plastid number is a more reliable indicator of ploidy level than the stomatal length. We found some scattered polysomatic doubled stomata in leaf epidermissystems, stolons and tuber primordia of potatoes from various ploidy levels. The stomata at the border of the lamina are regularly endomitotically doubled, regardless of the original ploidy level. The hypothesis of a specific basic number of plastids for a given species, multiples of which should give origin to tissue-specific numbers, is criticized. High plastid numbers were negatively correlated with vitality. potatoes the possible correlation between plastid number in haploids and the direction of their original phyllotactic As both the plastid number and the direction of the phyllotactic leaf spiral show some correlation with vitality in potatoes the possible correlation between plastid number in haploids and the direction of their original phyllotactic spiral was tried. The two groups with low and normal stomatal plastid numbers displayed almost equal distribution between left- and right-directed spirals; in the category with high plastid number, however, this relation was significantly displaced in favor of right spirals. It is tentatively proposed that both vitality and the direction of the phyllotactic spiral are governed by a common hormonal principle (pissibly auxins) which also influences the number of plastids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 348-354 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: AICAR ; HisC expression ; Cell division Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-level expression of the hisHAFI genes in Escherichia coli, cloned under the control of an IPTG-inducible promoter, caused filamentation, as previously reported in Salmonella typhimurium. We speculated that this filamentation might be produced by an action of the HisH and HisF enzymes on their product AICAR (amino-imidazole carboxamide riboside 5′-phosphate), a histidine by-product and normal purine precursor, possibly by favouring the formation of ZTP, the triphosphate derivative of AICAR. However, filamentation occured even in the absence of carbon flow through the histidine and purine pathways, as observed in a hisG purF strain lacking the first enzyme in each pathway. Filamentation thus does not require either the normal substrate or products of the overproduced histidine enzymes and must reflect another activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 355-359 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: AICAR ; Substitution mutations ; Spontaneous mutagenesis ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of observations in the Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium literature could be explained by the hypothesis that a particular purine ribonucleotide precursor can be converted to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, thereby becoming a base-analogue mutagen. The metabolite in question, AICAR (5-amino-4-carboxamide imidazole riboside 5′-phosphate), is also a by-product of histidine biosynthesis, and its (ribo)triphosphate derivative, ZTP, has been detected in E. coli. We constructed E. coli tester strains that had either a normal AICAR pool (pur + his + strains cultivated without purines or histidine) or no AICAR pool (purF hisG mutant strains, lacking the first enzyme of each pathway and cultivated in the presence of adenine and histidine). Using a set of lacZ mutations, each of which can revert to Lac+ only by a specific substitution mutation, we found that no base substitution event occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of an AICAR pool. We conclude that the normal AICAR pool in E. coli is not a significant source of spontaneous base substitution mutagenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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