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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 52 (2001), S. 297-314 
    ISSN: 1040-2519
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The majority of terrestrial plants, including many important crops such as rice, wheat, soybean, and potato, are classified as C3 plants that assimilate atmospheric CO2 directly through the C3 photosynthetic pathway. C4 plants such as maize and sugarcane evolved from C3 plants, acquiring the C4 photosynthetic pathway to achieve high photosynthetic performance and high water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies. The recent application of recombinant DNA technology has made considerable progress in the molecular engineering of C4 photosynthesis over the past several years. It has deepened our understanding of the mechanism of C4 photosynthesis and provided valuable information as to the evolution of the C4 photosynthetic genes. It also has enabled us to express enzymes involved in the C4 pathway at high levels and in desired locations in the leaves of C3 plants for engineering of primary carbon metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 121 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Photoinactivation of photosystem II (PSII) and energy dissipation at low leaf temperatures were investigated in leaves of glasshouse-grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling). At low temperatures (〈 15°C), photosynthetic rates of CO2 assimilation were reduced. However, despite a significant increase in the amount of light excessive to that required by photosynthesis, grapevine leaves maintained high intrinsic quantum efficiencies of PSII (Fv/Fm) and were highly resistant to photoinactivation compared to other species. Non-photochemical energy dissipation involving xanthophylls and fast D1 repair were the main protective processes reducing the ‘gross’ rate of photoinactivation and the ‘net’ rate of photoinactivation, respectively. We developed an improved method of energy dissipation analysis that revealed up to 75% of absorbed light is dissipated thermally via pH- and xanthophyll-mediated non-photochemical quenching at low temperatures (5–15°C) and moderate (800 µmol quanta m−2 s−1) light. Up to 20% of the energy flux contributing to electron transport was dissipated via photorespiration when taking into account temperature-dependent mesophyll conductance; however, this flux used in photorespiration was only a relatively small amount of the total absorbed light energy. Photoreduction of O2 at photosystem I (PSI) and subsequent superoxide detoxification (water-water cycle) was more sensitive to inhibition by low temperature than photorespiration. Therefore the water-water cycle represents a negligibly small energy sink below 15°C, irrespective of mesophyll conductance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Chloroplast (electron transport) ; Electron transport ; Oxygen evolution ; Photosynthesis (electron transport) ; Photosystem II ; Zea (electron transport)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the redox state of the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II (QA) and the rate of O2 evolution in isolated mesophyll chloroplasts from Zea mays L. is examined using pulse-modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence techniques. A linear relationship between photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qQ) and the rate of O2 evolution is evident under most conditions with either glycerate 3-phosphate or oxaloacetate as substrates. There appears to be no effect of the transthylakoid pH gradient on the rate of electron transfer from photosystem II into QA in these chloroplasts. However, the proportion of electron transport occurring through cyclic-pseudocyclic pathways relative to the non-cyclic pathway appears to be regulated by metabolic demand for ATP. The majority of non-photochemical quenching in these chloroplasts at moderate irradiances appeared to be “energy”-dependent quenching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: ATP (enzyme activation) ; Bundle sheath (isolation) ; C4 photosynthesis ; Panicum ; Sucrose-phosphate synthase ; Sucrose synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. We report the ATP-mediated activation of sucrose-phosphate synthase in bundle sheath cells prepared from C4 species. Sucrose synthesis was followed by measuring the incorporation of [14C]fructose 6-phosphate into sucrose in bundle sheath cells also provided with uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose (UDPGlc). Studies with Panicum miliaceum L. cells showed that activation was largely due to an increase in the affinity for UDPGlc and was therefore only evident at limiting UDPGlc concentrations. The apparent K m UDPGlc for sucrose synthesis by cells pretreated and assayed with ATP was about 0.7 mM compared with 7–8 mM for control cells without ATP. The γ-thio derivative of ATP had a similar effect to ATP. The effect was also evident when ATP was rapidly removed from cells prior to assay. Sucrose-phosphate synthase activity in extracts from cells pretreated with or without ATP showed similar differences in K m UDPGlc. These observations support the view that ATP is inducing a covalent modification of the enzyme. However, several protein kinase inhibitors did not prevent activation. Changes of more than threefold were observed for the K m UDPGlc with sucrose-phosphate synthase extracted from bundle sheath cells rapidly isolated from attached leaves that were subjected to dark/light treatments. The possible relationship between these changes and those induced by ATP with isolated cells is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 164 (1985), S. 172-178 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase ; Sucrose phosphate synthetase ; Sucrose synthesis ; Zea (sucrose synthesis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of 14C into sucrose and hexose phosphates during steady-state photosynthesis was examined in intact leaves of Zea mays L. plants. The compartmentation of sucrose synthesis between the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells was determined by the rapid fractionation of the mesophyll and comparison of the labelled sucrose in this compartment with that in a complete leaf after homogenisation. From these experiments it was concluded that the majority of sucrose synthesis occurred in the mesophyll cell type (almost 100% when the time-course of sucrose synthesis was extrapolated to the time of 14C-pulsing). The distribution of enzymes involved in sucrose synthesis between the two cell types indicated that sucrose-phosphate synthetase was predominantly located in the mesophyll, as was cytosolic (neutral) fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity. Stromal (alkaline) fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity was found almost exclusively in the bundle-sheath cells. No starch was found in the mesophyll tissue. These data indicate that in Zea mays starch and sucrose synthesis are spatially, separated with sucrose synthesis occurring in the mesophyll compartment and starch synthesis in the bundle sheath.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 202 (1997), S. 106-111 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: C4 photosynthesis ; Localisation (starch ; sucrose synthesis) ; Sucrose-phosphate synthase ; Sucrose synthesis ; Starch synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The activity and intercellular distribution of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) were determined in fully expanded leaves from a range of C4 plants. In Zea mays L. and Atriplex spongiosa F. Muell., SPS was located almost exclusively in the mesophyll cells. In other species, SPS was found in both cell types, with the activity in the bundle sheath cells ranging from 5% of the total leaf activity in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. to 35% in Sorghum bicolor Moench. At the end of the light period, starch was found only in the bundle sheath cells in all of the species examined. There appears to be little correlation between C4-acid decarboxylation type and the location of sucrose and starch synthesis in the leaves of C4 plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 450-456 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; CO2 fixation ; Chlorophyll a fluorescence ; Photosynthesis (induction, metabolites) ; Zea (C metabolism, gas exchange)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the rate of CO2 uptake, chlorophyll a fluorescence and contents of metabolites were measured during illumination and darkening of maize leaves. Upon illumination, the contents of aspartate and alanine declined rapidly and there were rapid increases in the contents of 3-phosphoglycerate and triose phosphates. The amounts of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate increased much more slowly. Upon darkening, the levels of 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate and triose phosphates fell sharply, while the amount of pyruvate increased. It is proposed that metabolite gradients in C4 photosynthesis are built-up during induction through interchange of carbon between amino acids, metabolites of the C4 pathway and 3-phosphoglycerate and triose phosphates, since CO2 fixation during the first 5 min of photosynthesis was insufficient to account for the observed build-up of intermediates. Changes in the rates of CO2 uptake and chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching are discussed in the light of the changes in metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 457-462 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; Chlorophyll a fluorescence ; Enolase ; Photosynthesis (induction) ; Phosphoglycerate mutase ; Zea (C metabolism, gas exchange)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanism of formation of triose phosphates and 3-phosphoglycerate during photosynthetic induction in leaves of Zea mays. Simultaneous measurements of gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and metabolite contents of maize leaves were made. Leaves illuminated in the absence of CO2 showed a build-up of triose phosphates during the first 2 min of illumination which was comparable to the build-up observed in the presence of CO2. Isolated mesophyll protoplasts, which lack the Calvin cycle, also showed a build-up of triose phosphates upon illumination. Leaves contained amounts of phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase adequate to account for the formation of triose phosphates and 3-phosphoglycerate from intermediates of the C4 cycle and their precursors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; mitochondrial respiration ; Mehler reaction ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour identifier la nature des réactions responsables de la prise d'oxygène sous lumière chez une macroalgue rouge Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), les effets de quelques inhibiteurs, de l'intensité de la lumière et de la température ont été étudiés en combinaison avec des concentrations de CO2 élevées ou limitantes. Dans ce dernier cas, INH (2, 5 mM) ne modifie pas la prise d'oxygène sous lumière et ne provoque pas l'excrétion ni l'accumulation de glycolate. KCN réduit la vitesse de consommation d'O2 de 76% à CO2 limitant, de 43% à CO2 saturant et supprime pratiquement (à 95%) la production d'oxygène. Avec DCMU (5 μM) qui bloque totalement la chaîne des transporteurs d'électrons, une prise d'oxygène résiduelle est observée de 3,0±0,6 μmol O2 h−1 g−1 P.F. quelle que soit la concentration de CO2. Ajoutés à l'analyse de l'effet de la température ces résultats suggèrent: 1) La respiration mitochondriale et la réaction de Mehler sont actives aux deux concentrations de CO2. 2) La RuBP oxygénase contribue pour 45%, au plus, et la réaction de Mehler pour 20%, au moins, à la prise d'oxygène sous lumière à CO2 limitant.
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the different processes of O2 uptake involved in the light in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) was investigated. At limiting CO2, INH (2.5 mM) did not alter the O2 uptake rate. Glycolate was not excreted and did not accumulate within the cells. KCN reduced the rate of O2 uptake in the light by 76% at limiting CO2 and by 43% at saturating CO2, but caused 〉 95% inhibition of O2 evolution. DCMU (5 μM) totally blocked the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but allowed a residual O2 uptake of 3.0±0.6 μmol O2 .h−1.g−1 FW, irrespective of the CO2 concentration. In saturating CO2, a high light intensity pretreatment significantly stimulated the rate of O2 uptake compared to net O2 evolution, suggesting the persistence, in the light, of mitochondrial respiration. Irrespective of the CO2 concentration, the optimum temperature for O2 evolution was 17°C whereas dark O2 uptake increased linearly with temperature. In contrast, O2 uptake in the light showed an optimum at 17°C in limiting CO2, and 21–25° C in saturating CO2; its Q10 was 2.4 at limiting CO2, a value close to that of RuBP oxygenase, and 3.1 at saturating CO2, a value close to that of dark respiration. It is concluded that: 1) mitochondrial respiration and Mehler reaction are both involved at all CO2 concentrations, 2) RuBP oxygenase activity cannot account for more than 45%, and Mehler reaction for less than 20%, of the total O2 uptake observed in the light at limiting CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; PEP carboxylase mutants ; Photosystem II ; Rubisco transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The CO2 dependence of rates of CO2 fixation (A) and photochemistry of PS II at 5, 15 and 30% O2 were analyzed in the C4 plant Amaranthus edulis having a C4 cycle deficiency [phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) mutants], and in the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis having a C3 cycle deficiency [Rubisco small subunit antisense (αSSU)]. In the wild type (WT) A. edulis and its heterozygous mutant having less than 50% WT PEPC activity there was a similar dependence of A and PS II photochemistry on varying CO2, although the CO2 saturated rates were 25% lower in heterozygous plants. The homozygous plants having less than 2% PEPC of the WT had significant levels of photorespiration at ambient levels of CO2 and required about 30 times ambient levels for maximum rates of A. Despite variation in the capacity of the C4 cycle, more than 91% of PS II activity was linearly associated with A under varying CO2 at 5, 15 and 30% O2. However, the WT plant had a higher PS II activity per CO2 fixed under saturating CO2 than the homozygous mutant, which is suggested to be due to elimination of the C4 cycle and its associated requirement for ATP from a Mehler reaction. In the αSSU F. bidentis plants, a decreased rate of A (35%) and PS II activity (33%) accompanied a decrease in Rubisco capacity. There was some increase in alternative electron sinks at high CO2 when the C3 cycle was constrained, which may be due to increased flux through the C4 cycle via an ATP generating Mehler reaction. Nevertheless, even with constraints on the function of the C4 or C3 cycle by genetic modifications, analyses of CO2 response curves under varying levels of O2 indicate that CO2 assimilation is the main determinant of PS II activity in C4 plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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