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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 325 (1986), S. 24-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, welches eine Spurenbestimmung der Schwermetalle Pb, Cd, Tl, Cu und Zn durch massenspektrometrische Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse bei Verwendung eines kompakten Thermionen-Quadrupolgerätes erlaubt. Mit dieser Methode werden sehr verschiedenartige Probenmaterialien, wie Klärschlämme, Böden, Sediment, Phosphaterz und Müllasche analysiert. Die angewandten Aufschlußverfahren ermöglichen grundsätzlich eine Unterscheidung zwischen dem Totalgehalt der Schwermetalle sowie dem in Königswasser löslichen Anteil. Als Isolierungsmethoden werden alternativ eine elektrolytische Abscheidung und eine ionenaustausch-chromatographische Abtrennung diskutiert. Dabei ermöglicht eine gemeinsame Elektrodeposition der Elemente Pb, Cd, Tl und Cu auch die entsprechende massenspektrometrische Oligoelementbestimmung. Diese ist auf Proben mit nicht zu extremen Schwermetallgehalten anwendbar. Dagegen kann die Methode bei chromatographischer Abtrennung der Elemente ohne Einschränkung eingesetzt werden. Soweit Standard-Referenzmaterialien analysiert werden, stimmen die Ergebnisse mit den zertifizierten Werten überein. Vergleiche mit den massenspektrometrischen Ergebnissen bei Verwendung eines Magnetgerätes zeigen innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen identische Werte, so daß mit dem kompakten und einfach handhabbaren Quadrupolgerät für die definitive Methode der massenspektrometrischen Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse eine breitere Anwendung als bisher offen steht. Die Nachweisgrenzen des beschriebenen Verfahrens liegen für Pb bei 3 ng/g (Elektrolyse) bzw. 13 ng/g (Ionenaustauscher), für Cu bei 2 ng/g, für Cd und Tl bei 6 ng/g und für Zn bei 27 ng/g. Damit können alle umweltrelevanten Materialien der beschriebenen Art auf die genannten Schwermetalle hin analysiert werden.
    Notes: Summary An analytical method is described which allows trace determinations of the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Tl, Cu, and Zn with isotope dilution mass spectrometry using a compact thermal ionization quadrupole instrument for measuring the isotope ratios. Different materials, e.g. sewage sludges, soils, a sediment, a phosphat rock and a city waste incineration ash are analysed with this method. In principle, the total heavy metal contents as well as the portion, which is dissolved in aqua regia, can be determined by the chemical processes used for the decomposition of the samples. Alternatively, an electrolytic deposition and ion-exchange chromatography can be applied to separate heavy metals from the matrix. A mass spectrometric oligo-element determination of Pb, Cd, Tl, and Cu is possible by electrode-positing these elements. This type of determination can be applied to all samples which are not too extreme in their heavy metal contents. The chromatographic separation of the elements can be used without any restriction. So far as standard reference materials are analysed, the results determined with the described isotope dilution technique and the quadrupole mass spectrometer agree well with the certified values. A comparison of results, obtained with a magnetic sector field instrument, with the results of the quadrupole mass spectrometer shows identical values within the limits of error. Therefore, the availability of the quadrupole thermal ionization mass spectrometer, which is a cost-efficient solution and an instrument which is relatively easy to handle, establishes a stronger basis for the application of the isotope dilution technique. The detection limits for the described method are: 3 ng/g (electrolytic deposition) and 13 ng/g (chromatographic separation) for Pb, 2 ng/g for Cu, 6 ng/g for Cd and Tl, and 27 ng/g for Zn. These detection limits enable the analyses of all environmental samples of the described type with respect to the heavy metals mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mass spectrometer is capable of making rapid, repetitive multicomponent analyses with measurement times as short as a second or less. Mass spectrometers used to be too expensive to be used for process analyses, but simpler and cheaper versions have been developed during the last decade. Mass spectrometers are commonly used within the petrochemical industry, but their use for fuel gas streams is not so widespread. This paper describes tests on a quadrupole mass spectrometer in three different gasification projects. Calibration methods and analysis accuracies obtained are accounted for. On the basis of the tests, it can be concluded that the quadrupole mass spectrometer is very suitable for continuous analysis of complex process streams. An important result is that the separation of CO and N2, an analysis problem that is traditionally regarded as difficult, worked very well. The analysis frequency was approximately once per minute, which should be enough for most control loops.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 332 (1988), S. 640-644 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The total concentration and the aqua regia soluble portion of traces of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Cr are determined with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) in three different types of sediments using a thermal quadrupole instrument (THQ). The results are compared with those obtained by other methods during a certification project to establish these sediments (BCR 277, BCR 280, BCR 320) as standard reference materials. The IDMS (THQ) results are in good agreement with the preliminary certification values and the results of two other laboratories, which applied IDMS using magnetic sector field mass spectrometers. Significant differences between the different analytical methods were found for the total Pb concentration, which could be explained by adsorption and coprecipitation effects during the chemical pretreatment of samples. Using aqua regia instead of HF/HNO3 for the decomposition of sediments, only 65%–95% of the total Pb and 60%–90% of the total Cr could be dissolved. On the other hand, only a small or negligible portion of Zn, Cd, and Cu could not be dissolved by aqua regia. The IDMS values for the aqua regia soluble Cr portion are significantly higher compared to the results of other methods. This can be explained by adsorption effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 326 (1987), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The analytical procedure for the trace determination of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in sewage sludges, soils, and analogous materials by isotope dilution mass spectrometry with a compact thermal ionization quadrupole instrument, which was described in the first part of this publication, is transferred to food samples in this paper. Heavy metal concentrations in different ranges of content are analysed in meat, liver, kidney, wholemeal flour, and bread samples. In addition, iron is determined in the first three samples mentioned besides the other heavy metals by a new technique developed with thermal ionization mass spectrometry. In all cases Pb, Cd, and Cu are isolated in one step by electro-deposition after decomposition of the sample. Afterwards, these three elements are successively measured in a thermal ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer. Zn and Fe are separated chromatographically using a column filled with an anion-exchanger resin. The mass spectrometric measurement of zinc and iron is carried out separately isolating these elements from the same decomposed sample. The heavy metal concentrations determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry agree well with results of other analytical methods, which were obtained during a certification campaign for food samples. The detection limits of isotope dilution mass spectrometry are 1.2 ng/g for Pb, 0.8 ng/g for Cd, 9 ng/g for Cu, 27 ng/g for Zn, and 12 ng/g for Fe. These detection limits enable the analysis of the corresponding heavy metals in all important food samples. The use of the described compact and easy to handle thermal ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer opens the possibility to apply the described isotope dilution technique not only as a calibration method but also as a routine method in food analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 331 (1988), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is shown that chromium traces in different inorganic, organic and aqueous samples can be determined over a wide concentration range with isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Electrolytic or chromatographic isolation steps are added to a system of sample preparation units for oligo-element determinations to analyse chromium besides other heavy metals. The isotope ratio52Cr/53Cr is measured in a thermal quadrupole mass spectrometer using a single-filament ion source with additions of silica gel and boric acid. In water samples, which contain humic substances, chromium concentrations of a few ng/g and less can be determined with relative standard deviations of about 1% and better. A differentiation is possible into the total chromium content and into chromium species which carry out isotope exchange reactions and those which are inert for an isotope exchange reaction. The chromium concentrations of four standard reference materials (two plants BCR 60 and 61, one tissue BCR 278, one sewage sludge BCR 144), which are not certified for chromium, are determined to be 29.4 Μg/g, 534 Μg/g, 0.78 Μg/g, and 466.1 Μg/g, respectively. In three different sediments total chromium concentrations between 100 Μg/g and 180 Μg/g are analysed with relative standard deviations of 0.6%–1.2%. Using aqua regia instead of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid for the decomposition of sediments, only 60%–90% of the total chromium content is determined. However, the analysed chromium proportion dissolved in aqua regia is slightly higher when using isotope dilution mass spectrometry compared with other analytical methods. The detection limit is 0.3 pg chromium per g for water samples, 1.8 ng/g for organic substances, and 6 ng/g for materials with high inorganic proportions as for sediments, sewage sludges and soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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