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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Oral mucosa ; Interepithelial cells ; Lymphocytes ; Langerhans cells ; Cerebriform cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im mehrschichtigen Plattenepithel der Mundschleimhaut finden sich neben den Keratinocyten auch nichtepitheliale mesenchymale und neuroektodermale, sog. interepitheliale Zellen, welche lichtmikroskopisch nur unzulänglich klassifizierbar sind. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Lippen-, Wangen- und Zungenschleimhaut von 50 Mäusen licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Dabei konnten 3 025 mononucleäre interepitheliale Zellen dokumentiert und analysiert werden. Monocytogene Makrophagen, Plasmazellen und Mastzellen waren interepithelial nicht nachweisbar und sind nicht als fester Bestandteil des Epithels anzusehen. Nur sehr wenige neuroektodermale Zellen — bei der Maus fast ausschließlich Merkelzellen und keine Melanocyten — liegen im Epithel. Die überwiegende Mehrzahl der interepithelialen Zellen sind Lymphocyten und Langerhanszellen als integrale Bestandteile des Epithels. 22,8% der gesamten interepithelialen Zellen erwiesen sich ultrastrukturell als Lymphocyten. Etwa je die Hälfte hiervon wiesen runde und gekerbte Kerne auf. Als zweite Gruppe von interepithelialen Zellen kommen die größeren dendritischen Langerhanszellen in der oralen Mucosa ebenso wie in allen anderen mehrschichtigen Plattenepithelien vor. 56,8% der interepithelialen Zellen können als Langerhanszellen eingestuft werden. Nicht alle cytologisch den Langerhanszellen entsprechenden Zellen enthalten Langerhansgranula. Diese können somit nicht als alleiniges Identifizierungsmerkmal gelten. Zwei Typen von Langerhanszellen können unterschieden werden. 80,9% haben das mehr oder weniger typische Erscheinungsbild, wie es von der Epidermis bekannt ist und wurden als makrophagocytoide Langerhanszellen bezeichnet. Die Kerne dieser Zellform sind unregelmäßig gekerbt und mäßig heterochromatinhaltig. 19,1% der Langerhanszellen besaßen auffällig große, runde euchromatische Kerne und ein helleres Cytoplasma. Diese werden als retikuloide Langerhanszellen bezeichnet. Etwa 20% der interepithelialen Zellen konnten weder Lymphocyten noch Langerhanszellen zugeordnet werden. Es waren kleine bis mittelgroße Zellen mit stark gekerbten „cerebriformen” heterochromatinreichen Kernen. Diese sind den sog. Sézary-Zellen und Mycosis fungoides Zellen der epidermotropen T-Zell-Lymphome ähnlich, deren lymphocytäre Natur gesichert ist. Auch uns erscheint eine Entwicklung dieser Zellen aus Lymphocyten im Epithel wahrscheinlich. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, ob die cerebriformen Zellen Vorstufen der Langerhanszellen darstellen. Eine solche Auffassung wird durch morphologische Zwischenstufen nahegelegt. Dies würde bedeuten, daß Langerhanszellen aus Lymphocyten entstehen, wobei die cerebriforme Zelle eine Zwischenstufe der Differenzierung darstellt. Möglicherweise spielt das mehrschichtige Plattenepithel hierbei eine Rolle für diese Zelldifferenzierung und erklärt die Epitheliotropie der Lymphocyten. Eine mögliche Identität von Langerhanszellen und interdigitierenden Retikulumzellen der T-Zellareale der Lymphknoten sowie eine enge funktionelle Kooperation von Langerhanszellen, Lymphocyten und interdigitierenden Reticulumzellen bei der immunologischen Abwehr externer Antigene werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Non-epithelial mesenchymal and neuroectodermal cells occur between the keratinocytes in the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa. These cells cannot be classified adequately by light microscopy. In the present study the oral mucosa of the lip, cheek and tongue of 50 mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. 3,025 mononuclear interepithelial cells were documented and analysed. Monocytogenic macrophages, plasma cells and mast cells were not found interepithelially and cannot be regarded as a regular constituent of the epithelium. Only a few neuroectodermal cells — in mice these are exclusively Merkel cells, with no melanocytes — were localized in the epithelium. The majority of the interepithelial cell population is made up of lymphocytes (22.8%) and Langerhans cells (56.8%). They are an integral constituent of the epithelium. Lymphocytes with rounded and indented nuclei can be identified. The larger and dendritic Langerhans cells are a specific cell of squamous epithelium and also occur in the oral mucosa. Not all cells which feature the cytological characteristics of Langerhans cells contain Langerhans or Birbeck granules. Accordingly these granules cannot be considered an exclusive identification characteristic. Two types of Langerhans cells can be differentiated. 80.9% have the more or less typical appearance known from the epidermis and were termed macrophagocytoid Langerhans cells. The nuclei are irregularly indented and moderately heterochromatic. 19.1% possessed conspicuous large, spherical, euchromatic nuclei and an electron-lucent cytoplasm. These were termed reticuloid Langerhans cells. About 20% of the interepithelial cell population could not be identified, neither as typical lymphocytes nor as Langerhans cells. These were small to medium sized cells with deeply indented “cerebriform” strongly heterochromatic nuclei. They are similar to the “Sézary cells” or mycosis fungoides cells of epidermotropic human T-cell lymphomas. The lymphocytic nature of these cells has been confirmed. It seems likely that differentiation of lymphocytes to cerebriform cells occurs within the epithelium. It is further discussed whether cerebriform cells are precursors of Langerhans cells, a conclusion suggested morphologically by transitional forms. This would imply that Langerhans cells originate from lymphocytes, and that the cerebriform cell is an intermediate step of differentiation. The microenvironment of the squamous epithelium may play a role in the process of differentiation, which could explain the epitheliotropy of lymphocytes. The possibility is considered that Langerhans cells and interdigitating reticulum cells of the T-cell area of lymph nodes are identical. The close functional cooperation of Langerhans cells, lymphocytes, and interdigitating reticulum cells in immunological defenses against external antigens is discussed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ulcerative colitis ; Immunoperoxidase ; Complement demonstration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inflammatory cell infiltrates in ulcerative colitis have been investigated by means of the immunoperoxidase method and by electronmicroscopy. Considerable morphological and functional changes of the local plasma cell population have been found. The absolute number of plasma cells is raised with a marked increase of IgG-cells and a relative decrease of IgA-cells. In particular complement (C3) has been demonstrated at the basement membrane of the surface epithelium and between epithelial cells. The significance of these findings, as a local humoral immune response, is briefly considered, with regard to their possible pathogenetic importance in aggravating and perpetuating the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 377 (1978), S. 259-275 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ulcerative colitis ; epithelial dysplasia ; precancer ; colitis carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with total ulcerative colitis have a greater risk of development of carcinoma in the large bowel than the general population. Precancerous changes in rectal and colonoscopic biopsies are useful in detecting early cancer in colitis. In this study 20 patients with longstanding colitis have been examined by rectal and colonoscopic biopsies. The microscopic appearances of precancerous epithelial lesions are atypical basal cell proliferation, clear cell dysplasia, adenomatous and villous crypt proliferation and epidermoid metaplasia with epithelial atypia. We have found premalignant changes in 12 rectal and 14 colonic biopsies from 20 patients. Five of these had carcinomas in the resected specimens. One patient had two carcinomas: one was in the sigmoid and the other in the splenic flexure. Two tumours were small and inconspicuous, being confined to the bowel wall (DUKES A), three were larger, with extension beyond the bowel wall, but no nodal involvement (DUKES B). Another patient had a basaloid carcinoma of the anal glands. The extent of dysplasia was variable, ranging from small patches to large areas of involved mucosa. The precancerous lesions were sometimes in direct continuity with the carcinomas, but many showed no such connection. Four of the five patients with carcinomas had a history of colitis exceeding over 10 years, in the remaining case the history was in excess of four years duration. In a retrospective study of 39 colectomy specimens for total ulcerative colitis we have found only three patients with precancerous lesions. The early diagnosis of the carcinoma associated with colitis can be improved by systematic colonoscopic and histological examination. Precancerous epithelial dysplasia, which occurs at a high frequency, often with carcinoma, is found in the rectum and other parts of the colon. Multiple biopsies from different parts of the colon and rectum would thus seem to be desirable if mucosal sampling is to be employed as a screening test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 382 (1979), S. 323-338 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Alveolitis ; Mononuclear phagocyte system ; Macrophages ; Granulomas ; Giant cells ; Foam cells ; Hair-spray ; Polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Observation of two patients with hair-spray induced lung disease have prompted us to study the ultrastructure of the lung lesion. We have compared the results with experimental lesions in animals injected with hair-spray extracts and with human monocyte cell cultures exposed to hair-spray. The lungs show a chronic alveolitis with a striking granulomatous reaction including macrophages and multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body type. The intraalveolar and interstitial macrophages and the giant cells all contain PAS-positive material. Ultrastructurally distinct lamellar inclusions are found in the secondary lysosomes of the macrophages and giant cells. Identical structures can be produced in animals injected with hair-spray extracts and with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and -acetate (PVP/PVA), which are regular ingredients of hair-sprays. Large, presumeably polymeric particles (PVP/PVA) are ingested by giant cells. This “gigantophagocytosis” is associated with the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes and leads to the genesis of giant cells. In cell cultures of human blood monocytes hair-spray extracts and PVP/PVA induce maturation and aggregation of these cells, with PAS-positive cytoplasmatic inclusions. The development of multinuclear giant cells in these monocyte cell cultures is also seen. These observations suggest that hair-spray induced lung disease is caused by the prolonged and extensive body response of the local mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Overstimulation of the MPS leads to a quantitative and qualitative change which is followed by a partial blockade of this system. The alveolitis is a consequence of the foreign body response to inhaled hair-spray substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Crohn's disease ; Electron microscopy ; Ultracytochemistry ; Immunohistology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohisto- and ultracytochemical studies were carried out on surgical and biopsy specimens from 27 patients suffering from Crohn's disease of the ileum or colon. Control specimens were obtained from 16 patients with nonspecific proctitis or neoplastic disorders of the caecum or rectum. Our results suggest that the initial lesions in Crohn's disease are associated with a typical humoral immune response. In non-ulcerated mucosa a uniform increase of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-cells was found (numbers of IgA-cells: IgG-cells ∼14.4), whereas disproportional increases of IgG- and IgE-cells were observed in ulcerated mucosa (IgA:IgG ∼0.7). The IgE-cell multiplication in ulcerated areas suggests the possibility of local hypersensitivity reactions. Macrophages and granulocytes contained IgG, which was also demonstrated in multinucleated giant cells. The granulomas contained extracellular IgG, acid phosphatase and peroxidase. The finding of potentially harmful extracellular lysosomal enzymes may be of pathogenetic significance in view of the hypothesis of Weissmann (1964). Micro-ulcerations of the dome epithelium of hyperplastic Peyer's patches were seen by electron microscopy a finding which can be interpreted as an early lesion through which luminal antigens gain uncontrolled access to Peyer's patches. This could lead to (1.) overstimulation of the local immune system, (2.) disturbance of local immune homeostasis, (3.) imbalanced Ig-production with disproportional increases in IgG and IgE. We were not able to detect Clq or C3 bound to epithelial or vascular basement membranes, and no electron dense deposits were found. Viral particles or bacteria in any of the specimens were not demonstrated by electron microscopy. The type of immune response in Crohn's disease and its pathogenetic significance with remain unclear until more is known about the specificity of the locally produced antibodies.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 361 (1973), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The membrane behaviour of interepithelial lymphocytes and epithelium cells of the digestive tract was investigated by electron microscopy with the aid of ruthenium red staining. Biopsy specimens of nonspecific proctitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Whipple's disease, chronic lymphadenosis with gastrointestinal involvement and various intestinal polyps and carcinomae were examined. The ruthenium red dye was prepared largely according to the method described by Luft (1971 a). Ruthenium red stains the perilymphocytic areas in two different forms: First: the apical perilymphocytic area is usually characterized by homogeneous ruthenium red staining. The lateral boundaries of the epithelial cells above the lymphocytes are strikingly folded. Second: ruthenium red is deposited in the basal perilymphocytic area, predominantly in coarse granules. Epithelium-associated lymphocytes apparently cause local modifications to the character of the interstitium of the lamina epithelialis mucosae. The different affinity of the cell membranes of the lymphocytes for ruthenium red may indicate so-called “distortion alterations” of the cell membranes.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 367 (1975), S. 113-130 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ulcerative Colitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen zur Ultrastrukturpathologie der Colitis ulcerosa wurden an einem Kollektiv von 37 Kolitis-Patienten durchgeführt. Unter den epithelialen Veränderungen fallen vor allem Alterationen der Mikrovilli und der Glykokalyx der oberflächlichen Zylinderzellen auf. Möglicherweise könnten diese als morphologisches Substrat eines zumindest partiell gestörten „Mucosablockes” im Bereich der Oberflächenepithelien (IgA- und “secretory piece”-Mangel) gewertet werden. Hypothetisch wird dieser partiell gestörte „Mucosablock” als wesentliches pathogenetisches Moment bei der Colitis ulcerosa angenommen. Das Entzündungsinfiltrat des Stratum proprium mucosae ist vor allem durch zahlreiche Lymphocyten, Plasmazellen und Makrophagen ausgezeichnet. Aus der hierbei gefundenen engen topographischen Zuordnung dieser Zellen zueinander läßt sich eine funktionelle Kooperation bei dem Autoimmunprozeß vermuten, wie er bei der Colitis ulcerosa diskutiert wird.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural pathology of ulcerative colitis was investigated on a group of 37 colitis patients. Among the epithelial changes, the alterations of the microvilli and of the glycocalyx of the surface epithelium are quite evident. These alterations may possibly be understood as a morphological substrate of a partly impaired “mucosa block” of the surface epithelium (IgA- and “secretory piece” deficiency). Hypothetically, this partly impaired “mucosa block” is considered to be an essential pathogenetic moment of ulcerative colitis. The inflammatory infiltrate of the stratum proprium mucosae is characterized in particular by numerous lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. The close topographical interrelation of these cells observed here seems to indicate a functional cooperation in the auto-immunological process, as it is discussed here in connection with ulcerative colitis.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cloacogenic carcinomas ; Ano-rectal region ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical and pathological features of four transitional cloacogenic carcinomas (TCC) are presented with particular reference to electron microscopy. The incidence of this tumour is 1.4% of all ano-rectal neoplasms. Three cases showed a gross appearance similar to the common rectal neoplasms. One tumour presented without an intraluminal lesion, but infiltrated the bowel wall and the anal glands. TCC show a distinct histological pattern. The degree of differentiation of the basic transitional cell component determines the “grading” of the lesion. We distinguish between grade I, II and III. Grade I lesions show uniform polygonal cells with only occasional mitotic figures. There is distinct palisading of the nuclei of the peripheral tumour cell layers. Grade II lesions are characterized by partial or total loss of the peripheral palisading. Grade III lesions are extremely anaplastic (“oat cell” carcinoma). This histological classification correlates well with the prognosis. Electron microscopic investigation of TCC revealed the ultrastructural features of basal cells. The uniform tumour cells with large nuclei contain tonofibrils, desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes, free ribosomes, and relatively few other organelles. We did not find keratinocytes or keratohyalin granules in these four cases of TCC. It is emphasized that TCC of the ano-rectal region differ fundamentally from the basalcell carcinomas of the skin in their biological behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Colonic polyp (mixed) ; Cell differentiation ; Adenoma ; Hyperplasia ; Antigens-neoplasm ; Immunoenzyme technics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A small colonic polyp which was composed of equal parts of hyperplastic and adenomatous tissue sharing a common basement membrane, displayed a paradoxical distribution of immunohistological markers: In contrast with the neoplastic component, the hyperplastic tissue lacked signs of functional maturity (IgA, secretory component) and displayed markers associated with carcinoma (carcinoembryonic antigen, peanut-agglutinin binding).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 527-532 
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Morbus Castleman ; Angiofollikuläre Lymphknotenhyperplasie ; Pathologie ; Präsentation/Klinik ; Therapie ; Pathogenese ; Key Words Castleman's disease ; Angiofollucular lymph node hyperplasia ; Pathology ; Presentation ; Therapy ; Pathogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: The term “Castleman's diseas” (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) comprises a heterogeneous clinicopathologic entity among lymphoproliferative disorders. Case Report: We present a rare case with retroperitoneal manifestations, and discuss several aspects of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, the clinical course and therapy of the disease. Finally, we summarize the actual knowledge about the pathogenesis of Castleman's disease.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Als Morbus Castleman (angiofollikuläre Lymphknotenhyperplasie) wird ein heterogenes, histologisch definiertes Krankheitsbild aus der Gruppe der lymphoproliferativen Krankheiten bezeichnet. Fallbeschreibung: Anhand eines seltenen Falles mit retroperitonealer Präsentation werden die verschiedenen klinischen Manifestationen und Verlaufsformen dargelegt sowie Hinweise für Diagnose, Differentialdiagnose und Therapie gegeben. Die heutigen, unvollständigen Kenntnisse der Pathophysiologie werden zusammengefaßt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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