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Color and Cloud Stabilization in Cloudy Apple Juice by Steam Heating During Crushing (1997)

GENOVESE, D. B. ; ELUSTONDO, M. P. ; LOZANO, J. E.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of food science 62 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1750-3841

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

Notes: Steam heating of crushed apples in the range 65–70°C for 15 to 20 sec controlled enzymatic browning and effectively stabilized cloudiness. Particles in fresh pressed cloudy apple juice were 3 mm but after 15 min of centrifugation at 4200 × g almost all particles had a diameter of 1 mm, and cloud could be considered stable. Median and modal diameters were virtually coincident, suggesting a symmetrical distribution. The specific surface area of the cloudy juice particles was 50 mm2/g and no agglomeration occurred.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb12238.x

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Virological and molecular parameters of HIV-1 infection of human embryonic astrocytes (1998)

Di Rienzo, A. M. ; Aloisi, F. ; Santarcangelo, A. C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Archives of virology 143 (1998), S. 1599-1615

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ISSN: 1432-8798

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary. Two different strains of HIV-1, the lymphotropic HIV-IIIB and the monocytotropic HIV-Ba-L, were able to infect tertiary cultures of astrocytes established from the human embryonic brain. The infection did not require contact with infected cells, as astrocytes were exposed to infectious cell-free supernatants. Except for an early transient peak of p24 consistently observed after infection with HIV-Ba-L, the infection of astrocytes appeared to be nonproductive. However, viral production was always observed when infected astrocytes were cocultured with permissive cells (CEM-SS or monocytes). To exclude the possibility that undetectable levels of virus are chronically produced by astrocytes, we exposed permissive cells to p24 negative supernatants taken from infected cultures. In such conditions permissive cells were never infected. Infection of astrocytes by HIV-1 was further supported by the finding that provirus persisted in these cells. Indeed, by a nested PCR, we detected HIV-1 DNA even one month after infection. Moreover, at the transcriptional level we observed expression of the multiply spliced RNA (tat) and nef primers). Noteworthy, this pattern of HIV-1 expression did not change appreciably when astrocytes were pretreated and cultivated in the presence of IL-1β. Altogether, our data support the concept that astrocytes may play a role in the spread of HIV-1 infection within the brain and in the pathogenesis of neuro-AIDS.