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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypothalamic STAT Proteins: Regulation of Somatostatin Neurones by Growth Hormone Via STAT5b (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 17 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are a family of transcription factors linked to class I cytokine receptors. In the present study, we investigated whether their distribution in the hypothalamus reflects the feedback regulation by growth hormone and what role they might play in the functioning of target neurones. We demonstrate that each of the seven known STATs has a distinct distribution in the hypothalamus. Notably, the STAT5 proteins, that are important in growth hormone (GH) and prolactin signalling in peripheral tissues, were expressed in somatostatin neurones of the periventricular nucleus and dopamine neurones of the arcuate nucleus. Because somatostatin neurones are regulated by feedback from circulating GH, we investigated the importance of STAT5 in these neurones. We demonstrate that STAT5b protein expression, similar to somatostatin mRNA, is sexually dimorphic in the periventricular nucleus of rats and mice. Furthermore, chronic infusion of male dwarf rats with GH increased the expression of STAT5b, while a single injection of GH into similar rats induced the phosphorylation of STAT5 proteins. The cellular abundance of somatostatin mRNA in STAT5b-deficient mice was significantly reduced in the periventricular nucleus, effectively reducing the sexually dimorphic expression. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that STAT5 proteins are involved in the feedback regulation of somatostatin neurones by GH, and that these neurones may respond to patterned GH secretion to reinforce sexual dimorphism in the GH axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01296.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Galanin-Like Peptide Gene Expression By Pituitary Hormones and Their Downstream Targets (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 16 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Galanin-like peptide (GALP) mRNA is expressed in neurones of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and within pituicytes in the neurohypophysis. Several neuropeptides that are expressed in the arcuate nucleus participate in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion. Our objective was to determine the extent to which GALP might be a target for regulation by pituitary hormones or their downstream targets in the rat. The expression of GALP mRNA in the arcuate nucleus was reduced by hypophysectomy as determined by in situ hybridization. However, this did not appear to be attributable to the loss of either gonadal or adrenal steroids because castrated, ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats had GALP mRNA expression that was indistinguishable from their respective controls. Next, we investigated the effects of growth hormone deficiency on GALP mRNA expression by studying dwarf rats and found that GALP gene expression was not different between dwarf rats and controls. We found that thyroidectomy led to a significant reduction in GALP mRNA expression compared to intact controls, and thyroidectomized rats implanted with thyroxine pellets had GALP mRNA expression that was similar to intact controls. Thus, the reduction of GALP mRNA expression seen in hypophysectomized animals may reflect, in part, a selective loss of thyroid hormone. We also found that the expression of GALP mRNA was increased in the neurohypophysis of lactating rats compared to nonlactating rats, whereas GALP mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus was unaffected by lactation. This suggests that the induction of GALP gene expression in pituicytes is physiologically associated with activation of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion during lactation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01118.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of oestrogen treatment on body proportions in constitutionally tall girls (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 237-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words: Body proportions – Tall stature – Oestrogen treatment – Sitting height – Leg length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Body proportions were studied in 31 girls with constitutional tall stature during treatment with 200 µg ethinyl oestradiol per day continuously, combined with 5 – 10 mg medroxyprogesterone on the first 10 days of each month. Their mean (±SD) predicted adult height was 186.0 (±4.0) cm. At the start of therapy, leg length (LL) standard deviation score (SDS) (3.8±0.7) was significantly greater than the sitting height (SH) SDS (2.3±1.1). During therapy, the mean sitting height increased by 2.9 cm, in contrast to an increment of only 0.8 cm for LL. The SDS of the ratio between SH and LL remained below zero. The expected gain without therapy, assuming a stable SDS position over time, was 5.4 cm for SH and 4.4 cm for LL, significantly more than the observed gains. In conclusion, tall girls have relatively long legs. Oestrogen therapy leads to an almost complete stop of leg growth, while the growth of the trunk is reduced to a lesser extent. This selective inhibition results in a trunk/leg ratio which is closer to, though still significantly different from that of normal girls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954509
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of oestrogen treatment on body proportions in constitutionally tall girls (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 237-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Body proportions Tall stature ; Oestrogen treatment Sitting height ; Leg length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Body proportions were studied in 31 girls with constitutional tall stature during treatment with 200 μg ethinyl oestradiol per day continuously, combined with 5–10 mg medroxyprogesterone on the first 10 days of each month. Their mean (±SD) predicted adult height was 186.0 (±4.0) cm. At the start of therapy, leg length (LL) standard deviation score (SDS) (3.8±0.7) was significantly greater than the sitting height (SH) SDS (2.3±1.1). During therapy, the mean sitting height increased by 2.9 cm, in contrast to an increment of only 0.8 cm for LL. The SDS of the ratio between SH and LL remained below zero. The expected gain without therapy, assuming a stable SDS position over time, was 5.4 cm for SH and 4.4 cm for LL, significantly more than the observed gains. In conclusion, tall girls have relatively long legs. Oestrogen therapy leads to an almost complete stop of leg growth, while the growth of the trunk is reduced to a lesser extent. This selective inhibition results in a trunk/leg ratio which is closer to, though still significantly different from that of normal girls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954509
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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