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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does noise stress modulate effects of smoking/nicotine? Mood, vigilance, and EEG responses (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 129 (1997), S. 382-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Arousal ; Attention ; EEG ; Emotion ; Nicotine ; Stress ; Smoking ; Vigilance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of smoking multiple cigarettes on EEG, vigilance, and subjective state were assessed in a repeated measures design where noise level (high versus minimal) was crossed with nicotine dose (quasi-ad lib own versus 1.0 mg FTC nicotine machine-delivered dose versus 0.05 mg FTC nicotine machine-delivered dose). Vigilance was increased by nicotine, but not by noise and there was no noise by dose interaction. Effects of nicotine on EEG varied as a function of dose, noise, hemisphere, time, and eyes-open versus eyes-closed condition. Smoking normal nicotine delivery (0.9–1.1 mg FTC-estimated) cigarettes resulted in decreases in percentages of delta and theta EEG magnitude and increased percentage beta-1 EEG magnitude across conditions and time. Changes in alpha and theta magnitude were dependent on eyes being open versus closed. Hemispheric asymmetries varied as a function of noise and time. Consistent with inverted “U” models, effects of nicotine on EEG were clearly stimulant during the quiet conditions while there were minimal to no differences between nicotine doses during the high-noise conditions. The failure of nicotine to modify mood is interpreted in terms of bioinformational models of nicotine’s subjective effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050204
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Noise stress does not modulate effects of smoking/nicotine on β-endorphin, cortisol, ACTH, glucose, and mood (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words ACTH ; β-Endorphin ; Cortisol ; Glucose ; Mood ; Nicotine ; Stress ; Smoking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Noise-dependent effects of smoking multiple cigarettes on subjective state and blood concentrations of ACTH, β-endorphin, cortisol, and glucose were assessed in a repeated measures design where noise level (high versus minimal) was crossed with nicotine dose (quasi-ad lib own brand versus 1.0 mg FTC nicotine machine-delivered dose versus 0.05 mg FTC nicotine machine-delivered dose). Cortisol and ACTH were increased by nicotine, but not by noise and there was no noise by dose interaction. In contrast, nicotine did not increase β-endorphin in either noise condition and there was no dose by noise interaction for β-endorphin. However, noise was associated with a modest increase in β-endorphin. The effects of nicotine on blood glucose varied as a function of the number of cigarettes smoked. However, the effects of nicotine on glucose, hormones, and subjective state did not vary as a function of noise stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050229
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic studies of peel failure in metallized polyester films (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Peel failure in PET-aluminium-PET laminates has been studied by dynamic scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanisms of failure are identified, and dynamic observations correlated with conventional SEM fractography. Plastic deformation is highly localized in a region several microns thick. In well-bonded regions the “peel crack” propagates by an advance microcracking mechanism, allowing changes of fracture plane which are accompanied by the formation, extension and breakage of ligaments drawn out from the surface layers of PET. The origin of localized deformation and possible factors affecting the locus of failure are dicussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144738
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toughening mechanisms in high impact polystyrene (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 1819-1823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In situ scanning electron microscope crack propagation experiments have been performed on a number of polystyrene and high impact polystyrene blends so that dynamic observations can be made of the mechanisms of failure. Brittle fracture is observed in low rubber phase volume systems, whereas high rubber phase volume systems exhibit a ductile tearing mode of fracture. As the rubber phase volume is increased there is an increased density of crazes, which leads to a reduction in width of material between them. The subsequent failure of the crazes leaves bridging ligaments. Under increasing load these fail in a manner dependent on their thickness such that there is a brittle-ductile transition at a ligament thickness around 3μm. We argue that this alteration in mechanism could be caused by either the loss of the triaxial stress state or the reduced probability of extrinsic flaws being found in the smaller ligaments, resulting in inhibition of crazing. The stress required for failure at the crack tip consequently increases from that for craze formation to the yield stress of the dense polymer. This in turn allows a larger crazed deformation zone (already increased due to the stress relief effects of crazing) to form, hence a further toughness increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01114745
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mechanism for ductile crack growth in epoxy polymers (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 1051-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract It has been previously shown that at relatively high test temperatures/slow test rates crack propagation in thermosetting epoxy polymers occurs in a stable ductile manner. The present paper proposes a mechanism for this type of crack growth based upon a meniscus instability model which both qualitatively and quantitatively accounts for the experimental observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01117394
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulus-maps for amorphous polymers (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 3194-3210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the possibility of constructing modulus-mechanism maps for amorphous polymers. Four regimes are identified: the glassy regime, the visco-elastic regime, the rubbery regime and the regime of viscous flow (melting), truncated by decomposition. Constitutive laws for each regime are assembled and adapted to give a good description of a large body of experimental data for amorphous polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene. The adjusted laws are then used to construct diagrams which relate the time and temperature-dependent modulus,E(t, T), to the temperature and the loading time (or frequency). The diagrams are divided into fields corresponding to the four regimes. A diagram summarizes the small-strain mechanical behaviour of the polymer over a wide range of conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553357
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating single gene effects on quantitative traits (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 631-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Experimental design ; Locus ; Population genetics ; Quantitative genetics ; Statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experimental designs for measuring the effects of single loci on quantitative traits are compared for statistical properties. The designs tested are single population, combined strains, multiple strains, diallel of strains, and co-isogenic strains. Testing was done by simulating population genotypic and phenotypic arrays. Statistical properties measured are type I error, power, bias and efficiency. The relative ranking of designs is consistent for all properties and over eight conditions examined. The co-isogenic design is superior, followed closely by the single population method. The other three designs are similar in ability, with the diallel design somewhat superior. Based on its good statistical performance and wide feasibility, the single population method is recommended. The diallel method provides the most information on genetic components of variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251115
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating single gene effects on quantitative traits (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 625-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Esterase 6 ; Mating behavior ; Population genetics ; Quantitative genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A modified diallel cross is used to estimate effects of alleles at the esterase 6 locus, relative to strain and environmental variance, in Drosophila melanogaster. Three strains homozygous for Est 6 s and three homozygous for Est 6 F were crossed in all 36 combinations. Male progeny were scored for mating speed, copula duration and esterase 6 enzyme activity, and all progeny for developmental time. These alleles show a significant additive effect on mating speed, but not on the other traits. Copula duration, developmental time and enzyme activity show additive strain genetic variance. Enzyme activity and developmental time also have maternal or X-chromosome strain variance, and these two traits are significantly correlated. This modified diallel method is generally useful because it permits the partition of trait variance into additive and dominant locus, background genetic and environmental components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251114
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster XII. Evidence for temperature selection of Est 6 and Adh alleles (1982)
    Springer
    Genetica 58 (1982), S. 109-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in allele frequencies at the esterase 6 (Est 6) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) enzyme loci of Drosophila melanogaster and simulans are examined in natural populations and artificial populations maintained at two temperatures. Results from cage populations at 18 °C and 25 °C provide evidence for temperature selection at both loci. Seasonal population samples show no significant change in gene frequencies for either locus, a reasonable outcome given the small selection coefficients found in cage populations. The temperature effect for the Adh locus appears to be direct: natural selection of the fast allele in cool environs and of the slow allele in warm environs. The temperature effect for Est 6 is weaker and complicated by sex differences and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectation. This evidence and different Est 6 frequencies found for melanogaster and simulans, in conjunction with evidence of the male reproductive function of this enzyme, suggest that Est 6 polymorphisms are maintained in natural populations by a complex form of sexual selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056778
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct observations of dynamic fracture mechanisms in polymeric materials (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 3 (1984), S. 961-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00720329
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