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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinesin mRNA Is Present in the Squid Giant Axon (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 63 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Recently, we reported the construction of a cDNA library encoding a heterogeneous population of polyadenylated mRNAs present in the squid giant axon. The nucleic acid sequencing of several randomly selected clones led to the identification of cDNAs encoding β-actin and β-tubulin, two relatively abundant axonal mRNA species. To continue characterization of this unique mRNA population, the axonal cDNA library was screened with a cDNA probe encoding the carboxy terminus of the squid kinesin heavy chain. The sequencing of several positive clones unambiguously identified axonal kinesin cDNA clones. The axonal localization of kinesin mRNA was subsequently verified by in situ hybridization histochemistry. In addition, the presence of kinesin RNA sequences in the axoplasmic polyribosome fraction was demonstrated using PCR methodology. In contrast to these findings, mRNA encoding the squid sodium channel was not detected in axoplasmic RNA, although these sequences were relatively abundant in the giant fiber lobe. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that kinesin mRNA is a component of a select group of mRNAs present in the squid giant axon, and suggest that kinesin may be synthesized locally in this model invertebrate motor neuron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63010013.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential Compartmentalization of mRNAs in Squid Giant Axon (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 67 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Previously, we reported that the squid giant axon contains a heterogeneous population of mRNAs that includes β-actin, β-tubulin, kinesin, neurofilament proteins, and enolase. To define the absolute levels and relative distribution of these mRNAs, we have used competitive reverse transcription-PCR to quantify the levels of five mRNAs present in the giant axon and giant fiber lobe (GFL), the location of the parental cell soma. In the GFL, the number of transcripts for these mRNAs varied over a fourfold range, with β-tubulin being the most abundant mRNA species (1.25 × 109 molecules per GFL). Based on transcript number, the rank order of mRNA levels in the GFL was β-tubulin 〉 β-actin 〉 kinesin 〉 enolase 〉 microtubule-associated protein (MAP) H1. In contrast, kinesin mRNA was most abundant in the axon (4.1 × 107 molecules per axon) with individual mRNA levels varying 15-fold. The rank order of mRNA levels in the axon was kinesin 〉 β-tubulin 〉 MAP H1 〉 β-actin 〉 enolase. The relative abundance of the mRNA species in the axon did not correlate with the size of the transcript, nor was it directly related to their corresponding levels in the GFL. Taken together, these findings confirm that significant amounts of mRNA are present in the giant axon and suggest that specific mRNAs are differentially transported into the axonal domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67051806.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity of Nuclear and Polysomal RNA from Squid Optic Lobe and Gill (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 46 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA from squid optic lobe and gill was measured by RNA-driven hybridization reactions with single-copy [3H]DNA. At saturation, brain nuclear and polysomal RNAs were complementary to 22.8 and 7.9% of the DNA probe, respectively. Assuming asymmetric transcription, the complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA was equivalent to 2.5 × 108 and 8.8 × 107 nucleotides, respectively. Approximately 80–85% of the sequence complexity of brain total polysomal RNA was found in the polyadenylated RNA fraction. In contrast to these findings, nuclear and polysomal RNAs from gill hybridized to 9.1 and 2.9%, respectively, of the single-copy DNA, values that were 2.5-fold lower than those obtained in the CNS. Taken together, the results focus attention on the striking diversity of gene expression in the squid CNS and extend to the cephalopod mollusks the observation that nervous tissue expresses significantly more genetic information than other somatic tissues or organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb01770.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve terminals of squid photoreceptor neurons contain a heterogeneous population of mRNAs and translate a transfected reporter mRNA (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It is now well established that the distal structural/functional domains of the neuron contain 2a diverse population of mRNAs that program the local synthesis of protein. However, there is still a paucity of information on the composition and function of these mRNA populations in the adult nervous system. To generate empirically, hypotheses regarding the function of the local protein synthetic system, we have compared the mRNAs present in the squid giant axon and its parental cell bodies using differential mRNA display as an unbiased screen. The results of this screen facilitated the identification of 31 mRNAs that encoded cytoskeletal proteins, translation factors, ribosomal proteins, molecular motors, metabolic enzymes, nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs, and a molecular chaperone. Results of cell fractionation and RT-PCR analyses established that several of these mRNAs were present in polysomes present in the presynaptic nerve terminal of photoreceptor neurons, indicating that these mRNAs were being actively translated. Findings derived from in vitro transfection studies established that these isolated nerve terminals had the ability to translate a heterologous reporter mRNA. Based upon these data, it is hypothesized that the local protein synthetic system plays an important role in the maintenance/remodelling of the cytoarchitecture of the axon and nerve terminal, maintenance of the axon transport and mRNA translation systems, as well as contributing to the viability and function of the local mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03538.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of squid enolase mRNA: Sequence analysis, tissue distribution, and axonal localization (1995)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 20 (1995), S. 923-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Enolase ; squid (Loligo pealii) ; cDNA clone ; mRNA ; axon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme whose amino acid sequence is highly conserved across a wide range of animal species. In mammals, enolase is known to be a dimeric protein composed of distinct but closely related subunits: α (non-neuronal), β (muscle-specific), and γ (neuron-specific). However, little information is available on the primary sequence of enolase in invertebrates. Here we report the isolation of two overlapping cDNA clones and the putative primary structure of the enzyme from the squid (Loligo pealii) nervous system. The composite sequence of those cDNA clones is 1575 bp and contains the entire coding region (1302 bp), as well as 66 and 207 bp of 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequence, respectively. Cross-species comparison of enolase primary structure reveals that squid enolase shares over 70% sequence identity to vertebrate forms of the enzyme. The greatest degree of sequence similarity was manifest to the α isoform of the human homologue. Results of Northern analysis revealed a single 1.6 kb mRNA species, the relative abundance of which differs approximately 10-fold between various tissues. Interestingly, evidence derived from in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction experiments indicate that the mRNA encoding enolase is present in the squid giant axon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00970738
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Association Between a Microsatellite Polymorphism at the DRD5 Gene and the Liability to Substance Abuse: Pilot Study (1998)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 28 (1998), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drug abuse ; dopamine ; genetics ; candidate gene ; gender
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract We have conducted a population-based association study of substance abuse and a microsatellite at the dopamine D5 receptor locus (DRD5) in a sample of European–American males and females with substance dependence (SA) or without any psychiatric disorder. Overrepresentation of the most frequent allele (148 bp) was found in males in the SA group (OR = 2.2, P= .02); this finding was reproduced in females (OR = 5.4, p〈 .001). The difference in the frequencies of this allele between SA males and SA females was statistically significant. The genotype coded in accordance with the dose of this allele correlated with substance abuse liability in males and females (stronger in females) and with novelty seeking in females. There was no evidence of correlation between the genotypes of spouses that could be induced by assortative mating for the liability to substance abuse. The data suggest that the DRD5 locus is involved in the variation and sex dimorphism of substance abuse liability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021463722326
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