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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Obtaining Earth surface gravity disturbances from a GPS-based ‘high-low’ satellite-to-satellite tracking experiment (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 107 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: bA ‘high-low’ satellite-to-satellite tracking measurement process, involving a single low orbiter (300 km altitude) and the GPS constellation (20 189 km altitude), has been proposed by Jekeli & Upadhyay (1990) to estimate Earth surface gravity disturbances. This paper examines the potentiality of such a mission by initially conducting an error analysis based on signal-to-noise ratios of the spectra of intersatellite line-of-sight (los) accelerations possessing an assumed white noise process. Using a 60 day mission duration, los acceleration data rates ranging from 1 to 60s and data noise levels from 0.1 to 0.3mGal, corresponding errors of commission and omission propagating into the spectrum of a desired set of 1d̀ and/or 2d̀ mean Earth surface vertical gravity disturbances (residual to harmonic degree and order n=m=6) were obtained. The resulting total estimated errors (in a global average sense) of the 1d̀ mean disturbances ranged from 6 to 12 mGal, and for 2d̀ values the range was 1.5 to 6 mGal, the lower error bounds corresponding to a 1 s data rate and a 0.1 mGal data noise level. An optimal least-squares collocation simulation was next carried out. The simulated los accelerations reflected all gravimetric perturbations due to an adopted true gravity field extending to n=m= 180. A downward continuation approach was used in conjunction with singular value decomposition techniques to predict 1d̀ mean disturbances over two separate regions on the Earth's surface. For a 10d̀ by 10d̀ region possessing a fairly tranquil local gravity field, the overall RMS of 100 ‘true-predicted’ mean differences, using the aforementioned los data rates and noise levels, ranged from 5 to 9 mGal and was only 1 mGal when the data were noise-free. For a more turbulent 15d̀ by 20d̀ region, the RMS of 300 differences was 1.5 mGal using perfect data and was in the 6 to 11 mGal range using noisy data. Again, the lower error bounds corresponded to 1 s and 0.1 mGal data rate and noise levels. If the low satellite takes on a polar orbit one could therefore obtain respectable 1d̀ mean disturbances and highly reliable 2d̀ mean values over all previously inaccessible Earth surface areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb01152.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tolterodine Compared to Oxybutynin and Placebo in Patients with Overactive Bladder (1999)
    Springer
    International urogynecology journal 10 (1999), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3023
    Keywords: Key words: Comparative study; Overactive bladder; Oxybutynin; Tolterodine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: This study compared the clinical efficacy (determined from micturition diaries) and safety of 12 weeks’ treatment with either tolterodine 2 mg twice daily, oxybutynin 5 mg three times daily or placebo in patients with an overactive bladder. A total of 277 patients were randomized and treated at 25 centers. Both tolterodine and oxybutynin significantly increased volume voided/micturition compared to placebo. Both treatment groups evoked greater decreases in micturitions per 24 hours and incontinence episodes per 24 hours compared to placebo; however, only tolterodine was significantly better than placebo in reducing micturition frequency. Tolterodine and oxybutynin were equivalent in their effectiveness. Tolterodine was significantly better tolerated than oxybutynin when adverse events (particularly frequency and intensity of dry mouth), dose reduction and patient withdrawals were considered. Oxybutynin is an effective drug whose frequent adverse effects limit its clinical usefulness. Tolterodine has equivalent efficacy to oxybutynin, but with less severe adverse effects. This will allow patients to receive more effective treatment for their condition, with better compliance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001929970003
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in UVB sensitivity of planula larvae of the coral Agaricia agaricites along a depth gradient (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 123 (1995), S. 693-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of natural intensities of ultraviolet A (UVA, 320 to 400 nm) and B (UVB, 280 to 320 nm) radiation on planktonic planula larvae of the reef-building coral Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus) were investigated through field experiments. Survival, chlorophyll concentrations, and solubilized protein concentrations were determined for larvae spawned from colonies at 3 and 24 m depth and subjected to one of three light regimes at 3, 10, or 24 m depth for 72 h: PAR (photosynthetically active radiation, 40- to 700 nm) only, PAR+UVA, or PAR+UVA+UVB. At 3 m depth, larvae in the PAR+UVA+UVB treatment showed lower survivorship than larvae exposed to either PAR alone or PAR+UVA. Within the PAR+UVA+UVB treatment at 3 m depth, larvae from colonies at 24 m depth suffered higher mortality than those from 3 m. Differences in survivorship between larvae originating from 3 and 24 m depth corresponded with tissue concentrations of UVB-protective mycosporine-like amino acids: larvae from 3 m had higher concentrations of mycosporine-glycine (λmax=310nm) and palythine (λmax=320nm) than those from 24 m depth. Chlorophyll concentrations were inversely correlated with PAR intensities, but variation in this parameter did not appear to be detrimental. These results show that sensitivity to high intensities of UVB radiation may affect survival of A. agaricites larvae in shallow reef-waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349112
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food resources of postlarval brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) in a Texas salt marsh (1988)
    Springer
    Marine biology 97 (1988), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to identify the sources of food in the natural diet of postlarval brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus Ives). A series of enclosures placed in East Lagoon (29°20′N; 94°45′W) on Galveston Island, Texas, USA, in May 1985, were used to evaluate the individual and combined contribution of Spartina alterniflora detritus, epiphytes of S. alterniflora, plankton, and demersal fauna in terms of differences in shrimp growth and carbon assimilation (stable carbon-isotope analysis). Demersal fauna (harpacticoid copepods, amphipods, tanaids and polychaete annelids), and plankton (〉0.095 mm) accounted for approximately 53 and 47% of the growth of the postlarvae (11 to 22 mm rostrum-telson length), respectively, while the autochthonous plant substrates, S. alterniflora detritus and epiphytes, contributed little. Laboratory experiments confirm that a mixed diet consisting of both animal protein and phytoplankton promotes maximum growth. Our results indicate that plankton may be an important allochthonous source of carbon contributing to the growth and development of shrimp in the salt marsh.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397763
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coping with the “Christmas tree” effect with fused silica columns in low thermal mass cages (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 29-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Christmas tree effect ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240080107
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