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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 128 (1969), S. 163-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Impulse conducting system ; Sinus node ; AV node ; AV bundle ; Purkinje ring ; Birds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Reizleitungsmuskulatur der Vögel zerfällt in ein nodulofasciculäres (Sinusknoten, AV-Knoten, Bündel, drei Schenkel, Purkinjering) und diffuses System (perivasale und subendokardiale Fasern in Vorhöfen und Kammern). Beide Systeme gehen Verbindungen ein. Das nodulofasciculäre System ist dem Reizleitungssystem (RLS) der Säuger vergleichbar. 2. Histologisch zeichnet sich die Reizleitungsmuskulatur der Vögel durch kompakten Bau sowie Fibrillen-, Mitochondrien-, Gefäß- und Bindegewebsarmut aus. Eine gemeinsame Bindegewebsscheide fehlt. Statt dessen kommt eine fasereigene Hülle vor. Verbindungen zur Arbeitsmuskulatur bestehen überall im Reizleitungsgewebe. Für die Koordination von Vorhöfen und Kammern sorgen AV-System und Nebenverbindungen aus Arbeitsmuskulatur. 3. Regionale Unterschiede weisen Gefäßversorgung, Feinbau und Anordnung des spezifischen Gewebes auf. Zwei Fasertypen, die sich vor allem im Fibrillen- und Mitochondriengehalt unterscheiden, kommen in Sinusknoten, AV-Knoten und Purkinjering vor. Die übrige Reizleitungsmuskulatur wird nur von einer Faserart mit etwa gleichem Fibrillen- und Mitochondrienbestand aufgebaut. Anordnung und Form der Fasern variieren am deutlichsten im Sinusknoten. Eine spezielle Gefäßversorgung hat nur der Sinusknoten. 4. Tierartliche Unterschiede zeigen insbesondere Sinusknoten, Purkinjering und seitliche Schenkel. Zwischen Herzgröße, Faserdurchmesser und Ausdehnung der Reizleitungsmuskulatur sind Beziehungen nachweisbar. Vögel mit kleinen Herzen besitzen weniger spezifisches Gewebe und geringeren Faserdurchmesser als große. 5. Beim Vergleich des RLS der Vögel mit dem der Säuger zeigt sich, daß unter Berücksichtigung histochemischer und elektronenmikroskopischer Befunde sowie funktioneller und phylogenetischer Gesichtspunkte mehr Gemeinsamkeiten als Unterschiede zwischen den Reizleitungssystemen beider Klassen bestehen.
    Notizen: Summary 1. The impulse conducting tissue of the heart of birds consists of a nodulofascicular (sinus node, AV-node, bundle, three limbs, Purkinje ring) and a diffuse system (perivasal and subendocardial fibers in atria and ventricles). Both systems are linked with each other. The nodulofascicular system can be compared with the impulse conducting system (ICS) of mammals. 2. Histologically the impulse conducting tissue of birds is characterized by a compact structure and few vessels, connective tissue, fibrils and mitochondria. In the ICS single fibers are surrounded by a thin connective tissue sheath but not the system as a whole. In all regions are close connections between the ICS and the myocardium. Atria and ventricles are coordinated by the AV-system and bundles of ordinary fibers. 3. Regional differences are demonstrated for vasculature, fine structure and arrangement of the special tissue. Two fiber types which differ mainly by the number of fibrils and mitochondria, can be distinguished in the sinus node, AV-node and Purkinje ring. In the other parts of the impulse conducting tissue only one fiber type is found. Especially in the sinus node there are differences in the shape and arrangement of fibers. Only the sinus node has a special artery. 4. Species differences can mainly be demonstrated in the sinus node, Purkinje ring and lateral limbs. There is a close correlation between the size of the heart, the diameter of the fibers and the size of the conducting tissue. Birds with small hearts have less special tissue and smaller fiber diameters than large ones. 5. The comparison between the ICS of birds and mammals shows that, with respect to histochemistry, electronmicroscopy and functional and phylogenetical aspects, there are more similarities than differences between the impulse conducting systems of the two classes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Yolk sac ; Marmoset ; Ultrastructure ; Hydrolase cytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Yolk sacs from Callithrix jacchus were investigated light and electron microscopically as well as by qualitative light microscopic enzyme histochemistry on days 35 to 126 of gestation. The thin yolk sac wall of the early stages (day 35–41) consists of the cuboid, endodermal epithelium, the mesothelium of the exocoelom and some interposed blood vessels. The inner endodermal surface is rather smooth. At later stages, the epithelium becomes highly prismatic and forms folds which are lined by a mesenchyme and blood vessels. Microvilli and a small number of endocytotic vesicles are observed at the apices of the epithelial cells, which are interconnected by gap junctions, desmosomes and interdigitations. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is characterized by a well-developed rough endoplasmie reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus and glycogen deposits. Four different membrane-bordered types of inclusions can be distinguished in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells: The type I and II inclusions are considered as secretion granules. Their increase and their localization in the cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum at later stages are ascribed to an inhibition of the intracellular transport at the onset of involution. The type III and IV inclusions may represent lysosomes and related organelles. Bile capillary-like spaces exist between the epithelial cells. The basement membrane is incomplete below the epithelium and absent around the capillaries, the endothelium of which is porous in certain areas. Aminopeptidase M is highly active in the plasmalemma and the bile capillary-like structures of the epithelium, dipeptidylpeptidase IV in the mesothelium and alkaline phosphatase in the blood vessel endothelium. Other membrane hydrolases are absent. Acid proteases, glycosidases, non-specific phosphatases and non-specific esterases can be detected stage-dependently with moderate to high activities in the yolk sac epithelium. Compared with other organs, the yolk sac structure and hydrolase equipment are similar to those of the liver and may, therefore, have similar functions, e.g. synthesis and secretion of proteins. In addition, however, the yolk sac epithelium might also be involved in resorptive processes of material from the lumen followed by lysosomal digestion. The Callithrix jacchus yolk sac starts involution on day 80 of gestation by disintegration of the cells. On day 100, this process is completed. the stage of involution which is late in comparison with other primates, e.g. man and Rhesus monkey, is ascribed to the strongly delayed development of Callithrix jacchus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 13 (1968), S. 111-159 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Auch bei den Vögeln nimmt das Beizleitungssystem des Herzens eine Sonderstellung ein. Es ist frei von Glykogen bzw. glykogenarm und die meisten nachgewiesenen Fermente haben eine geringere Aktivität als in der Arbeitsmuskulatur. Eine Ausnahmen machen Phosphorylase, Transglucosidase, unspezifische Esterase und saure Phosphatase, die außerdem innerhalb des Reizleitungssystems regionale Aktivitätsunterschiede besitzen. Das Kapillarvorkommen ist im Reizleitungsgewebe geringer als in der Arbeitsmuskulatur. Aus diesen Beobachtungen wird auf Stoffwechselbesonderheiten der spezifischen Muskulatur des Vogelherzens geschlossen. 2. Elektronenmikroskopisch zeigt sich, daß die gesamte Reizleitungsmuskulatur der Vögel arm an Myofibrillen und Mitochondrien ist. Kennzeichnend für die periarteriellen Reizleitungsfasern ist vor allem ein ausgedehntes Proteofibrillengeflecht. Das sarkoplasmatische Retikulum besteht nur aus Resten des L-Systems. — Im Purkinjering kommen zwei Faserarten vor: Ringfasern und periannuläre Fasern. Sie unterscheiden sich von den periarteriellen Fasern durch ein relativ vermehrtes Vorkommen von Myofibrillen und Mitochondrien, untereinander vor allem im Verhalten des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums sowie in der Mikropinozytoseaktivität. 3. Die Arbeitsmuskulatur der Vögel besitzt elektronenmikroskopisch und histochemisch artspezifische Eigenarten. Bei Taube und Wellensittich sind die Mitochondrien besonders zahlreich und verfügen über viele Cristae; die Aktivität von Succinodehydrogenase und Cytochromoxidase ist hoch und das sarkoplasmatische Retikulum ist stark entwickelt. 4. Die cholinergische Innervation des Sinusknotens zeigt bei den Vögeln große artspezifische Unterschiede. Weniger ausgeprägt ist dies beim AV-System. — In der Arbeitsmuskulatur von Taube und Wellensittich werden echte myoneurale Verbindungen beobachtet.
    Notizen: Summary 1. The impulse conducting system (ICS) of the heart reveals special characteristics in birds, too. It contains no or very little glycogen, and most enzymes investigated show less activity than in the ordinary cardiac muscle. Exceptions are the activities of phosphorylase, transglucosidase, nonspecific esterase, and acid phosphatase which in addition show regional differences within the ICS. There are less capillaries in the ICS than in ordinary cardiac muscle. From these observations, metabolic peculiarities of the ICS in birds are concluded. 2. The electron microscopical investigation shows that myofibrils and mitochondria are scarce in the entire ICS of birds. The periarterial fibers of the ICS are mainly characterized by an extensive network of proteofibrils. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is represented by only scanty tubules of the L-system. — In the Purkinje ring two different kinds of fibers are found. They all differ from the periarterial fibers by containing relatively more myofibrils and mitochondria, they differ from each other mainly by their sarcoplasmic reticulum and their micropinocytotic activities. 3. The ordinary cardiac muscle of the birds shows species-dependent electron microscopical and histochemical characteristics. In the pigeon and budgerigar, the mitochondria are especially numerous, and they contain many cristae. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase are high, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is well developed. 4. The cholinergic innervation of the sinus node shows marked species-dependent differences. These differences are less distinct in the A-V system. — In the ordinary cardiac muscle genuine myoneural connections are observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: NADPH diaphorase ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Striated muscles ; Rat (Wistar) ; Mouse (NMRI) ; Gerbil ; Hamster ; Guinea pig ; Marmoset (Primates)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The expression and distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was studied by use of the newly designed specific histochemical NADPH diaphorase staining method and the indirect immunofluorescence technique employing an antiserum to brain NOS in visceral and somatic striated muscles of several mammalian species. Histochemical activity and immunoreactivity were located in the sarcolemma region of type I and II fibers of all muscles investigated. Visceral muscles were more strongly stained than somatic muscles. Furthermore, type II fibers, identified by staining of myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity after pre-incubation at alkaline pH, were more intensely labeled than type I fibers. In addition, NOS activity was detected in the area of the sarcolemma of intrafusal fibers. No obvious differences between species were observed. It was concluded that NOS of striated muscles probably makes up the richest and most important nitric oxide source in mammals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): NADPH diaphorase ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Striated muscles ; Rat (Wistar) ; Mouse (NMRI) ; Gerbil ; Hamster ; Guinea pig ; Marmoset (Primates)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The expression and distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was studied by use of the newly designed specific histochemical NADPH diaphorase staining method and the indirect immunofluorescence technique employing an antiserum to brain NOS in visceral and somatic striated muscles of several mammalian species. Histochemical activity and immunoreactivity were located in the sarcolemma region of type I and II fibers of all muscles investigated. Visceral muscles were more strongly stained than somatic muscles. Furthermore, type II fibers, identified by staining of myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity after pre-incubation at alkaline pH, were more intensely labeled than type I fibers. In addition, NOS activity was detected in the area of the sarcolemma of intrafusal fibers. No obvious differences between species were observed. It was concluded that NOS of striated muscles probably makes up the richest and most important nitric oxide source in mammals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The subcellular appearance of NADPH diaphorase activity in different rat skeletal muscles has been analyzed. Both a sarcolemma-associated as well as a non-sarcolemma-associated NADPH diaphorase-dependent generation of formazan was observed. The sarcolemma-associated NADPH diaphorase staining appeared regularly in two manifestations: one observed in longitudinal sections as dotted costameres at the cell surface which accordingly appeared in transversal sections as rings surrounding the myofibre surface. At this site, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-1 was located. The second sarcolemma-associated site of NADPH diaphorase staining was found as bundles of longitudinal-orientated stripes of hitherto unidentified origin. The non-sarcolemma-associated production of formazan was likewise manifested at two sites: the first was found regularly in longitudinal sections as intense sarcomere-like striations occurring parallel to the I-bands and indicating mitochondria. The second non-sarcolemma-associated NADPH diaphorase staining was realized as fine longitudinal filaments of variable occurrence connecting the mitochondria and presumably belonging to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Attempts to identify single NADPH diaphorase(s) existing in skeletal muscles by incubation with specific inhibitors failed but showed the presence of two different subpopulations of NADPH diaphorases in myofibres: a urea-resistant fraction in the sarcolemma region containing NOS-1 and a non-sarcolemma-associated, urea-sensitive fraction depleted of NOS-1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 27 (1995), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The α1β1-integrin is known to be a receptor for collagen and laminin mediating cell-matrix interactions. A monoclonal antibody, 33.4, which specifically inhibits the α1-integrin-mediated in vitro cell-collagen binding of rat hepatocytes and hepatoma-derived A-cells (Löster et al., 1994), was used to purify by immunoaffinity chromatography the α1-integrin subunit from rat liver in large quantities for inducing a polyclonal antiserum. In immunoblot analysis on membrane extracts of several rat organs this polyclonal antiserum recognized only a 190 kDa-band, suggesting that it is highly specific for the α1-integrin subunit. A sandwich-ELISA with monoclonal antibody 33.4 and the polyclonal antiserum against the α1-integrin subunit, respectively, enabled the quantitative expression pattern of the α1-integrin subunit to be studied in different rat organs. With the exceptions of brain (not detectable) and muscle (low concentration), the α1-integrin subunit was detectable in almost all organs of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital system as well as in lymphatic organs. The highest relative concentrations of α1-integrin subunit were found in uterus, lung and spleen, whereas in seminal vesicle, stomach, parotid gland, epididymis, kidney and liver only modest concentrations were evident. The organ distribution and localization of α1-integrin subunit were studied by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Immunoreactivity was present in the plasma membranes of all smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells of many organs and fibrocyte-fibroblast sheaths in the heart and kidney. Since these cells are in close contact with collagen-containing basal membranes as well as reticular fibrils, strong evidence exists that in rat tissues the α1-integrin subunit is expressed at sites where collagen is present and might be involved in vivo in cell—ollagen binding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 26 (1994), S. 239-251 
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary As the early rat decidua is believed to fulfil functions other than the late or basal decidua, the question as to whether this difference is reflected in decidual cell metabolism was investigated. Using cryosections of pregnant rat uteri of the 10th, 15th and 21st gestational day, activities of oxyradical-forming enzymes and hydrolases were analysed histochemically. The enzyme activities of decidual stromal cells and fibroblasts of the metrial gland exhibited three main fluctuations. One group of enzyme activities did not change during gestation, a second group decreased or disappeared, and a third group increased or was expressed in the late decidua only. Enzymes of the purine and polyamine pathway, including oxyradical-forming oxidases, were absent from early mesometrial decidual cells, but were highly active in the late regressing decidua and metrial gland. Some acid hydrolases and neutral proteases became active in the mature decidua. The possibility that purine-degrading and oxyradical-forming enzymes support decidual as well as metrial gland regression, and thus placental separation, by direct tissue damage and/or by indirect rupture of lysosomal membranes, inducing the release of acid hydrolases, is considered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 26 (1994), S. 239-251 
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary As the early rat decidua is believed to fulfil functions other than the late or basal decidua, the question as to whether this difference is reflected in decidual cell metabolism was investigated. Using cryosections of pregnant rat uteri of the 10th, 15th and 21st gestational day, activities of oxyradical-forming enzymes and hydrolases were analysed histochemically. The enzyme activities of decidual stromal cells and fibroblasts of the metrial gland exhibited three main fluctuations. One group of enzyme activities did not change during gestation, a second group decreased or disappeared, and a third group increased or was expressed in the late decidua only. Enzymes of the purine and polyamine pathway, including oxyradical-forming oxidases, were absent from early mesometrial decidual cells, but were highly active in the late regressing decidua and metrial gland. Some acid hydrolases and neutral proteases became active in the mature decidua. The possibility that purine-degrading and oxyradical-forming enzymes support decidual as well as metrial gland regression, and thus placental separation, by direct tissue damage and/or by indirect rupture of lysosomal membranes, inducing the release of acid hydrolases, is considered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and NOS-1 immunohistochemistry on 60 μm thick frozen sections of rat extensor digitorum longus muscles led to the detection of prominent rings clearly encompassing the surface of the muscle fibres. These so far unknown costameres were usually found as doublets flanking a space of about 2 μm width. Because these costameric doublets did not appear in regular periods, we designate them irregular costameres to discriminate them from regular ones with a 1 μm periodicity overlying Z-discs and M-lines. Irregular costameres were thicker than the regular ones and free of intercostameres. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NOS-1 was co-localized with integral β-dystroglycan, α-sarcoglycan) and peripheral (caveolin-3, dystrophin) members of the enlarged dystrophin complex in the irregular costameres but not with non-sarcolemmal organized proteins (myosin heavy chain, α-actinin, desmin and sarcoplasmic reticulum-located Ca2+-dependent ATPase-1). Invaginations of the sarcolemma to form irregular costameres were observed. In teased myofibres the sarcolemma between two following irregular costameres was ballooned, while the irregular costameres themselves clamped the fibres together. Finally, the number of detectable irregular costameres was significantly increased in maximally contracted extensor digitorum longus muscles generated by electric stimulation but decreased in mechanically stretched ones. Combining these observations, we hypothesize that irregular costameres belong to a reserve zone for the sarcolemma necessary for the contraction/relaxation cycle in myofibres.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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