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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute and subchronic effects of neuroleptics on quantitative measures of discriminative motor control in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 368-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motor control ; Haloperidol ; Chlorpromazine ; Clozapine ; Neuroleptics ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Force band ; Force variance ; Tremor ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Operant-conditioning methods were used to train rats to reach through an opening in an operant chamber to exert forces on a silent, neraly isometric force-sensing manipulandum. The reinforcement contingency required the rat to hold forelimb force at 20–50 g for a minimum of 2 s. Once established, this ‘hold-in-the-band’ behavior yielded three measures of performance (time on task, number of reinforcers, variance of in-band force). Variance of in-band force was presumed to reflect steadiness of forelimb control. Acute drug effects on the three dependent variables were assessed for dose ranges of haloperidol (HAL), chlorpromazine (CPZ), clozapine (CLZ), and chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Moreover, the effects of HAL (0.5 mg/kg) and CLZ (5.0 mg/kg) were examined in a subchronic (28 day) dosing regimen. The acutely administered neuroleptics (HAL, CPZ, CLZ) produced dose-related decreases in time on task and number of reinforcers, but did not significantly affect variance of in-band force. The subchronic paradigm produced similar results. CDP did not significantly affect variance of in-band force and the 5.0 mg/kg dose produced a slight, but non-significant increase in time on task while significantly decreasing number of reinforcers; a trend opposite to that seen for the neuroleptics, which produced parallel effects on these two measures. The results suggest that the neuroleptics impaired performance by affecting the tendency to initiate responding instead of affecting the capacity to maintain steady forelimb force once a response was started.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555215
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of a Scheduled-Waiting Task on EMG Reactivity and Oral Habits Among Facial Pain Patients and No-Pain Controls (2000)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 25 (2000), S. 203-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: oral habits ; TMD ; masseter EMG ; facial pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent research has strongly implicated the role of psychological stress in the development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It is widely reported that oral habits (e.g., teeth grinding) probably provide a behavioral link between stress and the development of TMD symptomatology. Extrapolation of research in the field of adjunctive behavior to the TMD disorders suggests that oral behaviors may develop conjointly with fixed-time (FT) stimulus presentation. The current experiment extended previous research examining this possibility by assessing the influence of experimental stress on masseter EMG and oral habits among persons who met broadband criteria for TMD and no-pain controls. Oral habit activity was assessed via self-report questionnaire whereas masseter muscle activity was measured continuously via electromyography across four phases (Adaptation, Free-Play, Scheduled-Play, Recovery). The Scheduled-Play phase was designed as a stress-reactivity task that included an FT schedule. Results indicated that, consistent with the stress-reactivity model, the Scheduled-Play phase resulted in a significant increase in masseter EMG levels relative to Free-Play and Adaptation, and that this effect was significantly larger for the TMD group relative to controls. The results suggest an adjunctive behavior effect although the effect was not specific to those with facial pain. Oral habit data showed a significant phase effect with oral habits that was significantly higher during the Scheduled-Play phase relative to Adaptation. The findings are the impetus for further study regarding the mechanisms whereby oral habits are developed and maintained despite their painful consequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026402720856
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EMG Reactivity and Oral Habits Among Facial Pain Patients in a Scheduled-Waiting Competitive Task (1999)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 24 (1999), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: temporomandibular disorder ; sEMG ; oral habits ; adjunctive behavior ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For individuals with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) it has been theorized that stressful events trigger oral habits (e.g., teeth grinding), thereby increasing masticatory muscle tension and subsequent pain. Recent research involving adjunctive behaviors found an increase in masseter surface EMG (sEMG) and oral habits when students with TMD symptomatology were placed on a fixed-time reinforcement schedule. The current study used a treatment-seeking community sample with TMD symptomatology in a competitive task designed to be a more naturalistic Fixed Time task. The experiment consisted of Adaptation, Free-Play, Scheduled-Play, and Recovery phases. During the Scheduled-Play phase participants played, and waited to play, an electronic poker game. Results indicated that masseter muscle tension in the Scheduled-Play phase was significantly higher (p〈.001) than in any other phase. Moreover, during the Scheduled-Play phase masseter sEMG was higher (p#60;.001) when participants waited to play. Self-reported oral habits and overall affect were significantly higher (p's〈.05) in the Free-Play and Scheduled-Play phases relative to Adaptation and Recovery. The observation that masseter sEMG was elevated during the Scheduled-Play phase relative to all other phases, and within the Scheduled-Play phase sEMG was highest while waiting, suggests that adjunctive oral habits may lead to TMD symptomatology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022282829829
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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