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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Public Health 25 (2004), S. 199-223 
    ISSN: 0163-7525
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The precautionary principle (PP) is an extension of the public health presage that prevention is better than cure. The PP has recently achieved new relevance in regard to serious but uncertain threats to human health and the environment and has now entered national and international legislation. However, frameworks for its unambiguous application in practice are yet to be designed. They will depend on legal and cultural circumstances and are likely to involve pluralities of perspectives and stakeholder participation. The rules for causal reasoning and dose dependence need to be addressed and may be conveniently expressed in accordance with probability theory. Although the PP will allow action before convincing evidence is secured, it is not science averse. However, it provides an occasion to review environmental health research strategies, methodologies, and research-reporting traditions. From this perspective, current research is afflicted by important biases and insufficient focus on major environmental health problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 22 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Delays in evoked potential latencies were observed at increased exposures to methylmercury from seafood in two cohorts of children. Because this outcome parameter appeared to be virtually independent of confounders, including cultural differences, a joint analysis of benchmark doses was carried out. Comparable cohort members included 382 Faroese and 113 Madeiran children without middle ear infection or neurological disease at age seven years. Maternal hair-mercury concentrations at parturition in the Faroese cohort ranged from 0.6 to 39.1 μg/g (geometric average, 4.49 μg/g). In Madeira, mothers who had not changed their diet since pregnancy had current hair-mercury concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 54.4 μg/g (geometric average 10.14 μg/g). The mercury-associated delay in peak III latencies at two frequencies (20 and 40 Hz) showed similar regression equations in the two groups of children, and benchmark dose calculations were therefore carried out for the two groups separately and jointly. For a doubling of a 5% prevalence of abnormal results of the peak III latencies at 40 Hz in a linear dose-response model, the benchmark dose for the maternal hair-mercury concentration was 8.79 μg/g for the Faroese children; 8.04 μg/g for the Madeiran children; and 9.46 μg/g for both groups. Results were similar for the 20 Hz condition. Benchmark dose results were substantially lower using a logarithmic or square root curve function, although the difference in fit between the curves was far from statistically significant. The benchmark results using evoked potential latencies are in close agreement with results based on neuropsychological test performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 24 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: In regression analysis failure to adjust for imprecision in the exposure variable is likely to lead to underestimation of the exposure effect. However, the consequences of exposure error for determination of safe doses of toxic substances have so far not received much attention. The benchmark approach is one of the most widely used methods for development of exposure limits. An important advantage of this approach is that it can be applied to observational data. However, in this type of data, exposure markers are seldom measured without error. It is shown that, if the exposure error is ignored, then the benchmark approach produces results that are biased toward higher and less protective levels. It is therefore important to take exposure measurement error into account when calculating benchmark doses. Methods that allow this adjustment are described and illustrated in data from an epidemiological study on the health effects of prenatal mercury exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 198 (1970), S. 46-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus dem Krankengut von 8 Jahren werden 55 Frauen im Alter zwischen 15 und 40 Jahren analysiert, die einen vasculären cerebralen Insult durchmachten. Bei 19 derselben trat der Insult im Rahmen einer Gravidität auf, bei 9 in Zusammenhang mit einer Migraine accompagnée, bei 2 durch eine Embolie, bei 3 im Rahmen einer Blutkrankheit, bei 2 lag eine juvenile subcorticale Blutung, bei 2 weiteren eine Carotisthrombose vor, und bei 5 war kein sicherer ätiologischer Faktor eruierbar. Demgegenüber standen 11 Fälle, die zur Zeit des Insultes Ovulationshemmer einnahmen. Hinzu kommen 2 weitere Frauen im Alter von 42 und 45 Jahren, die Ovulationshemmer nahmen, 2 bei denen durch die Einnahme von Ovulationshemmern eine Migraine accompagnée ausgelöst wurde, und eine weitere, die bis unmittelbar vor einer zweiten Schwangerschaft, in welcher ein Insult auftrat, 2 Jahre lang Ovulationshemmer eingenommen hatte. Fügt man 4 Fälle hinzu, bei welchen nach Abschluß dieser Arbeit unter Ovulationshemmern ein Insult sich ereignete, so verfügen wir insgesamt über 20 Beobachtungen, bei welchen die Einnahme von Ovulationshemmern pathogenetisch eine Rolle beim Zustandekommen eines vasculären cerebralen Insultes spielen könnte. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patientinnen beträgt 29 Jahre, die Dauer der Einnahme der Ovulationshemmer variiert zwischen 36 Monaten und 14 Tagen. Die Marke spielt keine Rolle. Zusätzliche pathogene Faktoren sind nur in vereinzelten Fällen vorhanden. Die Symptomatologie besteht außer in 2 Fällen mit einer amnestischen Episode in einer Hemiparese. An Hand der eigenen Beobachtungen sowie von 80 Fällen aus der Literatur wird der mögliche pathogenetische Mechanismus diskutiert. Es werden die Argumente, die für eine echte kausale Beziehung sprechen, im einzelnen angeführt.
    Notes: Summary During a time period of 8 years 55 female patients between age 15 and 40 with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) were seen by us. 19 were pregnant, 9 had migraine accompagnéc, 2 showed embolisms, 3 had a hematologic disorder, in 2 cases there was juvenile subcortical bleeding, 2 had a thrombosis of the internal carotid artery, and in 5 cases no specific etiological factor was found. The remaining 11 cases were young women taking the “pill” at the time of the CVA. Two other patients age 42 and 45 years, respectively, with a CVA were on the same medication, and in still 2 more females the medication had precipitated migraine accompagnée followed by cerebrovascular accident. One patient with a CVA during the first month of her pregnancy had taken an oral contraceptive for the 2 preceding years. Adding 4 more females seen after the manuscript of this paper was submitted we have by now observed a total of 20 patients in whom the pill may be implicated in the development of a CVA. The average age of the patients was 29 years. The drug regimens comprised 7 different brands which had bee taken for periods from 14 days to 36 months. In 17 cases hemiplegia was present, and in 2 others there was a global amnestic episode. On the basis of our observations and of 80 cases reported in the medical literature pathogenetic mechanisms of the “pill” are discussed. Statistic evidence supports the assumption that it may play a pathogenetic role, as does experimental work on the influence of contraceptives on blood clotting mechanisms and on histologic alterations of the vascular walls. Common features of the state of pregnancy and the administration of the “pill” are stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 291 (1981), S. 188-188 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two recent studies of blood lead concentrations have provided evidence that, compared with the usual average of 10-20 g dH found in Western Europe and North America, levels in remote societies are much lower. Poole and colleagues1 found a mean blood lead concentration of 5 g dH in 100 children from ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 71 (1998), S. 3-6 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 48 (1981), S. 391-397 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead ; Smoking ; Alcohol ; Epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood lead levels were determined in 88% of all men and women born in 1936 and residing in four suburbs of Copenhagen, i.e., 504 men and 548 women. Smoking habits and alcohol consumption were assessed by interview and were found to be independent of other indicators of lead exposure. Increased blood lead levels of smokers could, for the most part, be explained by augmented alcohol intake as indicated by the partial correlation coefficient and by the relationship between alcohol consumption and lead levels in nonsmokers. Further, smoking contributed little to the blood lead levels of individuals who did not consume any alcohol. A multivariate analysis indicated that one unit of alcohol (1.35 cl pure ethanol) per day might contribute 0.5-1.0 μg lead/100 ml blood. No significant difference was found between the influence of beer, wine, and hard liquor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 417-422 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Indirect exposure ; Lead absorption ; Pica ; Tooth-lead ; Water-lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Possible predictors of the lead burden of children were investigated in a low-exposure area. A total of 1302 school children in the first form within the municipality of Aarhus, Denmark, donated deciduous teeth for determination of the lead concentration in the circumpulpal dentin. The families were interviewed on possible sources of lead. Present and former addresses of residences and day-care institutions were obtained, and the traffic intensity was estimated at each of these addresses. Children with a high lead burden resided significantly more often in heavily-travelled streets than children with a low burden, but only during their first 3 years of life. The increased risk for a high lead burden was related to the traffic intensity in a dose-response manner. Further, children with a high lead burden more often exhibited pica, their mothers smoked more during pregnancy, and their fathers were more likely to work at a garage or shipyard. In a logistic multivariate regression, such parental occupation increased the risk for a high lead burden 1.5-fold (ORadj; P = 0.03), whereas tobacco and traffic each were of borderline significance (ORadj = 1.4, P = 0.08).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 16 (1976), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer risk ; DDT ; organochlorine exposure ; PCB ; pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To prospectively evaluate if repeated measurements of organochlorine exposure provide a more precise measure of breast cancer risk. Methods: In the Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) participants donated blood twice, in 1976–1978 and 1981–1983. Information on breast cancer risk factors was obtained through standardized questionnaires. A cohort nested case–control study of 155 cases and 274 matched breast cancer-free controls who had participated in both CCHS examinations was conducted. The average serum organochlorine concentration over the course of the two examinations was used, testing a possible association between organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk. Results: A high serum concentration of p,p′-DDT over the course of the two examinations was associated with a more than three-fold significantly increased risk of breast cancer, and a dose–response relationship was apparent. Furthermore, the risk of breast cancer increased with increasing serum concentrations of PCB congener 118 and 138 and the total amount of DDT isomers (ΣDDT), but the trends were not significant. Conclusion: This study provides new evidence of the adverse effect of some organochlorines on breast cancer risk. Furthermore, repeated assessment of exposure during a relevant time period may provide a more precise risk estimate than a single measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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