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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacology of Acamprosate: An Overview (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    CNS drug reviews 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-3458
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the last years important advances have been made in the development of drugs for the treatment of alcohol addiction. Acamprosate (calcium bis-acetylhomotaurine) is one of the better established drugs in this field on the European market. This review focuses first on the pharmacokinetics of acamprosate. The published data and the recent advances in our knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption and elimination of this drug are summarized. The importance of pharmacokinetics for the proper clinical use of acamprosate is highlighted. The anti-relapse as well as the well-known effects of acamprosate on ethanol intake are discussed. The recent experiments in animal models of conditioned withdrawal are reviewed. These experiments, explored for the first time the anticraving effect of the drug. Finally, the proposed hypotheses on the neuropharmacological mechanism of action of acamprosate are discussed. The discussion deals with the relative importance of various hypotheses as well as with the recent experiments that support them. It is pointed out that further research is necessary in order to clearly understand the mode of action of acamprosate as well as the neurobiological mechanisms involved in alcohol dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2003.tb00260.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Upward and Downward Limit Pricing: The Role of Post-Entry Competition (2005)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Topics in theoretical economics 5.2005, 1, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1534-598X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Under asymmetric information, entry-deterring strategies by an incumbent monopolist can consist of deviations from its static monopoly price through downward deviations termed downward limit pricing, or upward deviations termed upward limit pricing. Our analysis shows that the mode of post-entry competition influences the range of situations in which an incumbent adopts a strategy of downward limit pricing instead of an upward one: this range is greater under price than under output competition; it is decreasing in the degree of product differentiation; and with homogeneous product only downward limit pricing emerges under price competition, while upward limit pricing can still take place with output competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejte/topics/vol5/iss1/art1
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    General Treatment of the Enterohepatic Recirculation of Drugs and Its Influence on the Area Under the Plasma Level Curves, Bioavailability, and Clearance (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 1306-1313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: enterohepatic recirculation ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; clearance ; biliary excretion ; first-pass effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A general treatment of enterohepatic recirculation of drugs has been developed based on the fraction of drug in systemic circulation that is excreted in the bile and the fraction of drug reabsorbed from the gut that reaches systemic circulation in each enterohepatic cycle. The deduced equations make it possible to establish mathematical relationships between the areas under the blood level curves (AUC) of a drug when administered to normal and bile duct-cannulated animals and to predict the effect of enterohepatic recycling on bio-availability and clearance. The results were compared with those obtained by other authors using different approaches to enterohepatic recirculation, and some discrepancies were found in the equations describing the effect of enterohepatic recycling on AUC and bioavailability of drugs. The cause of such discrepancies and the problems associated with the prediction of hepatic extraction ratio from in vitro studies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015861502354
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Permanent Cannulation of the Jugular Vein on Pharmacokinetics of Amoxycillin and Antipyrine in the Rat (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 1587-1591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: permanent cannulation ; pharmacokinetics ; amoxycillin ; antipyrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of chronic cannulation of the rat jugular vein on the pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and antipyrine administered by the i.v. and oral routes has been evaluated. Animals that received the i.v. dose of amoxycillin on the eighth day after jugular vein cannulation showed decreased clearance (4.0 ± 0.3 ml/min) and steady-state volume of distribution (105 ± 8 ml) compared to animals that received the i.v. dose on the fourth day (5.5 ± 1.1 ml/min and 155 ± 17 ml, respectively). Rats first dosed by the i.v. route showed an oral bioavailability of 54 ± 12%, whereas for those first dosed by the oral route the calculated bioavailability was 31 ± 6%. Antipyrine was administered to rats by the i.v. and oral routes on the first and fourth days after jugular vein cannulation. Animals intravenously dosed on the fourth day showed a decreased clearance (1.9 ± 0.3 ml/min) compared to rats intravenously dosed on the 1st day (2.7 ± 0.6 ml/min). Antipyrine bioavailability was larger in animals first dosed by the i.v. route than in animals first dosed by the oral route (173 ± 43 and 74 ± 15%, respectively). These results argue against the use of crossover studies in rats with permanently implanted cannulas since kinetic changes induced by cannulation can be larger than previously proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015864425069
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