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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurogenesis and Plasticity of the Olfactory Sensory Neurons (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 457 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb20802.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional anatomy of frog's taste organs (1971)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 27 (1971), S. 823-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé Dans les bourgeons gustatifs deRana pipiens deux groupes de cellules ont été découverts. Le premier est directement en relation avec la réception de stimuli, tandis que le second ne comprend que des cellules d'association. Les cellules sensorielles offrent des contacts synaptiques avec les fibres sensorielles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02136888
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitral cell dendrites: a comparative approach (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 189 (1994), S. 91-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Olfactory bulb ; Mitral cells ; Dendrites ; Phylogeny ; Comparative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetically persistent structures such as the mitral cells of the vertebrate olfactory bulb undergo changes in their dendritic arbor in the course of evolution. The morphology of mitral cells and the main elements of the olfactory bulb circuit in all classes of vertebrates are reviewed in this paper. Most of the neuronal elements found in the mammalian olfactory bulb are present in anamniotes. However, in contrast to those of amniotes, the mitral cells of most anamniotes lack basal dendrites, and periglomerular cells are absent in fish. This suggests a different circuitry and therefore drastic changes in the processing of olfactory information within the olfactory bulb. Lateral inhibition, conferred by basal dendrites in amniotes, must then utilize other mechanisms in anamniotes. Moreover, the marked segregation of olfactory inputs onto mammalian mitral cells is less obvious in mitral cells of anamniotes that lack basal dendrites. The general role of dendrites, including those of mitral cells, is discussed in the light of increasing evidence for dendritic excitability. The evolutionary significance of mitral cell basal dendrites is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185769
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoradiographic and ultrastructural observations on the frog's olfactory mucosa (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 305-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Frog ; Basal cells ; Differentiation ; Replacement of supporting and sensory cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic techniques have been employed to study the cell turnover in the olfactory mucosa of frog. It has been established that basal cells of the olfactory epithelium divide and differentiate into mature neurons in adult animals. These findings prove that the olfactory neurons are replaced during the adult life. Supporting cells were also found to undergo turnover. The basal cells are indicated as the stem elements of both supporting and sensory cells as they undergo division and maturation processes leading to the replacement of both supporting and sensory cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330630
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extrinsic innervation of olfactory epithelium (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 315-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Frog ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory mucosa of frog has been studied at an ultrastructural level to confirm previous light microscope observations in regard to the presence, in the sensory epithelium, of nerve fibres not belonging to the first cranial nerve proper. It has been observed that both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres are present in the lamina propria and that eventually these fibres terminate inside the epithelium. Unmyelinated fibres usually contain dark core vesicles and similar content is seen in their intraepithelium terminals. Terminals containing only clear vesicles are also observed in the epithelium and they are believed to represent the terminals of the myelinated fibres. The significance of these ultrastructural findings is discussed in view of their functional meaning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307095
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topological relations between olfactory neurons (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 449-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Vertebrates ; Neuronal pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory mucosa of several vertebrates has been studied with the aid of light and electron microscopes. It has been found that the receptor neurons vary in density per square area from one region to the other of the olfactory mucosa in each animal. The neurons, moreover, can be arranged in interconnecting rings forming a complex pattern where each element directly contacts the others along different portions of the cell body. These contacts and their different ultrastructural details are illustrated and discussed. The data are elaborated in view of their functional importance in regard to the reception of stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324613
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vomeronasal receptors in Turtles (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 498-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vomeronasal organ ; Turtles ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The functional similarities observed with electrophysiological techniques between olfactory and vomeronasal receptors allow speculation that morphological details essential to the common function should be observed in both cases. Both mucosae have primary receptors within the epithelium which are surrounded, but not completely isolated, by so-called supporting cells. These last secrete a granular product. In both epithelia receptor cells contact each other at the axonal, perikaryal, dendritic and junctional complex levels. The axons of the two types of receptors are unmyelinated and their diameter ranges from 0.1 to 0.4 micron. The most interesting difference between the two types of receptors lies at the level of their exposed endings. The olfactory vesicle, as it is classically represented in olfactory receptors and is common in those of turtles in the form of a ball-like protrusion above the epithelial surface, is usually missing in the vomeronasal receptors. These have a tapering cone-shaped irregular projection always complicated by a set of branched microvilli. They do, furthermore, consistently lack cilia. This observation is in agreement with recent TEM observations. The assumption that cilia are essential in the mechanism of olfactory transduction is discussed on the basis of these anatomical findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335424
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory epithelium ofNecturus maculosus andAmbystoma tigrinum (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 5 (1976), S. 11-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological study presented here provides a general description of the elements of the olfactory epithelium in the mud puppy and tiger salamander, and gives evidence about their dynamic activity and interrelationships. There are morphological indications of local bursts of reduplication and a continual line of differentiation of receptor cells from basal cell progenitors through stages of mature development to senescence (indicated by the accumulation of pigment granules) and cell death and disposal (by expulsion of pycnotic cell nuclei and by phagocytosis by macrophages). The supporting cells probably play several roles: a secretory role which supplements the activity of Bowman's glands, a minor insulating role in which some dendrites are shielded from the surrounding milieu, and a skeletal role in which they facilitate the efficient displacement of dendrites. The dendrites are regularly arranged in organized relationships with one another and are for the most part in direct apposition, separated only by a 200 Å intercellular gap, thus suggesting the possibility of functional interrelationships. This study emphasizes the fact that efficient planning of experimental investigations must include knowledge and consideration of the thickness of the particular olfactory epithelium under study. It also suggests that because of the large receptor-cell size, the mud puppy and/or tiger salamander would make good model systems for single cell recording. Further, the olfactory epithelia of these species are suggested as favorable targets for studies of the aging process in nerve cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01176180
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. II. Degeneration and reconstitution of the olfactory sensory neurons after axotomy (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 8 (1979), S. 197-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes the retrograde degeneration affecting olfactory sensory neurons of rats after severance of their axons and illustrates the reconstitution of new neurons originating from stem cells located at the base of the olfactory neuroepithelium. Degeneration of the mature, axotomized neurons, signalled by an increased electron density of their cytoplasmic matrix and by the appearance of lipofuscin-like granules, can be detected in the neuroepithelium as early as 24 h after surgery and becomes conspicuous between the second and the third day. Degenerating neurons can be observed in decreasing number up to the tenth post-operative day. They are removed by macrophages which invade the epithelium. The reconstitution of new neurons begins to occur after eight days, when the stem cells undergo vigorous mitotic activity and differentiate into neurons. The morphology of the reconstituted neurons has been described in detail at different stages of their maturation. After 30 days, the olfactory epithelium appears similar to controls. On the basis of both morphological (in rats) and autoradiographic (in mice) observations, the basal cells have been recognized as stem cells of the olfactory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01175561
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. III. Deafferentation and reinnervation of the olfactory bulb following section of thefila olfactoria in rat (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 9 (1980), S. 145-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Axotomy at the level of thelamina cribrosa in rat induces rapid degeneration of the olfactory sensory axons in the bulb. The phenomenon, which is limited to the layer of olfactory fibres and to the glomeruli of the bulb, can be observed as early as 15–24 h after surgery, and peaks at 3–4 days. The glomeruli located in the rostro-ventral portion of the bulb are affected first, and the process extends to the dorso-caudal portion with a delay of 12–24 h. Reactive hypertrophy of the glia coincides with removal of the degenerating terminals, and is maximal 48 h after axotomy. Axotomy does not preclude reinnervation of the bulb by axons originating from new, reconstituted neurons in the olfactory neuroepithelium. These new axons begin to reach the periphery of the bulb approximately at the 20th day post-operative and then reinnervate the glomeruli. The rostro-ventral portion of the bulb is the first to be reinvaded by the new axons. The glomeruli reacquire a morphological pattern similar to controls between 20 and 30 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205155
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