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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of two ATPase based schemes for histochemical muscle fibre typing in various mammals (1982)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 76 (1982), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative study was performed on the fibre populations in tibialis anterior muscles of mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat and dog using the two different methods of histochemical staining for myofibrillar ATPase after acid (Brooke and Kaiser 1970) or alkaline preincubations (Guth and Samaha 1970). For all species a complete correspondence existed between type I (Brooke and Kaiser 1970) and β fibres (Samaha et al. 1970). Gross correspondence (〉85%) existed between IIA and IIB (Brooke and Kaiser 1970) and αβ and α fibres (Samaha et al. 1970) respectively in mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, cat and dog. In the case of mouse and dog, this high degree of correspondence was based on the assumption that mouse tibialis anterior contains no type I and the dog no type IIB fibres. For the rat, a pronounced overlap existed between IIA fibres on the one hand and αβ and α fibres on the other hand as well as between IIB fibres and αβ and α fibres. These observations lead to the conclusion that the two classification schemes are not interchangeable for all species and that the two terminologies should be used only in relation with the methods from which they were derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00493282
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in human muscle fibre type distribution induced by acute exercise (1983)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 79 (1983), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibre type distributions in the vastus lateralis muscles of six male subjects (age 18 to 22 years) have been compared at rest and during exercise. Exercise consisted of one leg cycling at 60% $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$$ max (one leg) for 120 min. The increased contractile activity was associated with a 28.8% (p〈0.05) decrease in the distribution of Type I fibres in the exercised leg. This change in fibre type distribution was manifested early in the exercise (15 min), and was also evident in muscle samples obtained after 60 and 120 min of activity. Reductions in the Type I fibre distribution was accompanied by an increase in the Type II fibres, specifically the Type IIA distribution (p〈0.05). Comparable alterations in the specific fibre type distributions were also found in the non exercising leg. These observations indicate that alterations in the muscle cell induced either directly or indirectly by the increased contractile activity interact with normal pre-indubation conditions to effect changes in the stability of the myofibrillar ATPase reaction. Specifically, it appears that a percentage of the Type I fibre population becomes acid labile and alkali stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00494341
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter- and intraspecies comparisons of fibre type distribution and of succinate dehydrogenase activity in type I, IIA and IIB fibres of mammalian diaphragms (1984)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 81 (1984), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibre types in the costal region of the diaphragm muscle of several mammalian species with widely different respiratory rates were examined microphotometrically for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Mean activities indicated no significant (p〉0.05) difference between the type I and IIA fibres for any of the species examined. SDH activities in type IIB fibres were significantly lower (p〈0.05) than either the type I or type IIA fibres in the cat, guinea pig, rat and rabbit whereas in the mouse no difference was found. The dog had no classical type 1B fibres. Analysis of the distribution of SDH activities by fibre type indicated a wide scattering of scores with no distinct separation between fibre types. Large differences in SDH activity were noted between species. Mean SDH activities were highest in the mouse and rat, intermediate in the rabbit and guinea pig and lowest in the cat and dog. These data suggest an association between respiratory rate and aerobic oxidative potential of the various fibre types in diaphragms of the species examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00495403
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibre type specific transformations in the enzyme activity pattern of rat vastus lateralis muscle by prolonged endurance training (1983)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 399 (1983), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Enzyme activities ; Energy metabolism ; Fast glycolytic (FG) fibres ; Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibres ; Metabolic fibre transformation ; Prolonged endurance training ; Vastus lateralis muscle (rat)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The alterations in activity patterns of representative enzymes in energy metabolism were investigated in the superficial (white) and deep (red) portions of the fast vastus lateralis muscle of the adult rat in response to prolonged endurance training. It was found that following 15 weeks of extreme training (final running duration: 210 min per day, 27 m/min at 15 degree grade), increases in the activities of marker enzymes of the citric acid cycle (citrate synthase), β-oxidation (3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase), and ketone body utilization (3-ketoacid CoA transferase) as well as of glutamate pyruvate transaminase occurred in both regions of the muscle, with the geatest increase being observed in the superficial portion (2.6–4.2-fold). Pronounced increases were also seen for hexokinase which showed highest activities after 7 weeks of training. Conversely, decreases were noted for various glycogenolytic, glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes (phosphorylase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase). Reduction in the activities of these enzymes was most pronounced in the deep portion of the muscle. These results demonstrate a fundamental rearrangement of the energy metabolism of the muscle in response to prolonged, high intensity training. In the case of the deep portion of the vastus lateralis muscle, which has been shown to be composed of a large percentage of fast oxidative-glycolytic fibres (FOG), the enzyme profile becomes similar to the slow oxidative (SO) fibre. In the superficial portion which contains predominantly fast glycolytic fibres (FG), the enzyme profile becomes similar to FOG fibres. The magnitude of the observed changes in enzyme activities was greater than in previous animal studies. This suggests that there might be no limit to the metabolic adaptability of skeletal muscle to increased contractile activity. In this context, the adaptations observed here qualitatively resemble the metabolic transformations reported for chronic low frequency electrical stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656718
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise-induced fibre type transitions with regard to myosin, parvalbumin, and sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscles of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 400 (1984), S. 432-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Exercise ; Muscle fibre types ; Myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase ; Myosin light chains ; Parvalbumins ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of a long-term, high intensity training program upon histochemically assessed myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase, myosin composition, peptide pattern of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and parvalbumin content were analysed in muscles from the same rats which were used in a previous study (Green et al. 1983). Following 15 weeks of extreme training, an increase in type I and type IIA fibres and a decrease in type IIB fibres occurred both in plantaris and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. In the deep portion of vastus lateralis (VLD), there was a pronounced increase from 10±5% to 27±11% in type I fibres. No type I fibres were detected in the superficial portion of vastus lateralis (VLS) both in control and trained animals. An increase in slow type myosin light chains accompanied the histochemically observed fibre type transition in VLD. Changes in the peptide pattern of SR occurred both in VLS and VLD and suggested a complete transition from type IIB to IIA in VLS and from type IIA to I in VLD. A complete type IIA to I transition in the VLD was also suggested by the failure to detect parvalbumin in this muscle after 15 weeks of training. Changes in parvalbumin content and SR tended to precede the transitions in the myosin light chains. Obviously, high intensity endurance training is capable of transforming specific characteristics of muscle fibres beyond the commonly observed changes in the enzyme activity pattern of energy metabolism. The time courses of the various changes which are similar to those in chronic nerve stimulation experiments, indicate that various functional systems of the muscle fibre do not change simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587545
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical considerations for assessing alterations in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca++-sequestration functionin vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 139 (1994), S. 41-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ca++-uptake ; Ca++-ATPase activity ; muscle ; fresh ; frozen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A multiple measurement system for assessing sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca++-ATPase activity and Ca++-uptake was used to examine the effects of SR fractionation and quick freezing on rat white (WG) and red (RG) gastrocnemius muscle.In vitro measurements were performed on whole muscle homogenates (HOM) and crude microsomal fractions (CM) enriched in SR vesicles before and after quick freezing in liquid nitrogen. Isolation of the CM fraction resulted in protein yields of 0.96±0.1 and 0.99±0.1 mg/g in WG and RG, respectively. The percent Ca++-ATPase recovery for CM compared to HOM was 14.5% (WG) and 10.1% (RG). SR Ca++-activated Ca++-ATPase activity was not affected by quick freezing of HOM or CM, but basal ATPase was reduced (P〈0.05) in frozen HOM (5.12±0.18–3.98±0.20 mole/g tissue/min in WG and from 5.39±0.20–4.48±0.24 μmole/g tissue/min in RG). Ca++-uptake was measured at a range of physiological free [Ca++] using the Ca++ fluorescent dye Indo-1. Maximum Ca++-uptake rates when corrected for initial [Ca++]f were not altered in HOM or CM by quick freezing but uptake between 300 and 400nM free Ca++ was reduced (P〈0.05) in quick frozen HOM (1.30±0.1–0.66±0.1 μmole/g tissue/min in WG and 1.04±0.2–0.60±0.1 μmole/g tissue/min in RG). Linear correlations between Ca++-uptake and Ca++-ATPase activity measured in the presence of the Ca++ ionophore A23187 were r=+0.25, (P〈0.05) and r=+0.74 (P〈0.05) in HOM and CM preparations, respectively, and were not altered by freezing. The linear relationships between HOM and CM maximum Ca++-uptake (r=+0.44, P〈0.05) and between HOM and CM Ca++-ATPase activity (r=+0.34, P〈0.05) were also not altered by tissue freezing. These data suggest that alterations in maximal SR Ca++-uptake function and maximal Ca++-ATPase activity may be measured in both HOM and CM fractions following freezing and short term storage. (Mol Cell Biochem139, 41–52, 1994)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00944202
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood lactate response to continuous and intermittent running in the rat (1975)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 360 (1975), S. 283-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Continuous and intermittent work ; anaerobic metabolism ; lactic acid ; hematocrit ; muscle fiber types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of continuous and intermittent running at equal work output but varying intensities and durations upon arterial blood lactate and hematocrit concentrations were investigated in male rats. It was found that the blood lactate level was directly related to the intensity of the exercise during continuous effort and to the duration of the work during the intermittent conditions. No significant changes were found for hematocrit. This data is consistent with previous work on humans and suggest that energy sources may be preferentially manipulated during heavy intermittent work. The implication to characterizing cellular adaptation in response to training is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583722
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and muscle enzyme adaptations to two different intensities of swim training (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 46 (1981), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Training ; Swimming ; Muscle histochemistry ; Enzyme activities ; Maximal oxygen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To test the hypothesis that a smaller quantity of high intensity (HI) as opposed to a larger quantity of moderate intensity (MI) swim training would result in adaptations more specific to the short performance times of swimming competitions, two groups of elite university swimmers were tested before and after 6.5 weeks of specific HI or MI intermittent swim training. In training, swimming times were faster and blood lactate concentrations were higher (10.2 vs. 7.5 mM) during HI compared to MI training. No significant differences were observed between the two groups for any of the variables measured, before or after training. However, significant increases with training were observed for the activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, succinate dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase in the deltoid, but not the gastrocnemius muscles. Training resulted in significant increases in $$\dot V$$ O2 max during treatmill running, but not during tethered swimming. It is concluded that a larger quantity of MI swim training results in physiological adaptations that are similar to those obtained with a smaller quantity of HI training, at least over a relatively short training period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423404
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle performance, morphology and metabolic capacity during strength training and detraining: A one leg model (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 51 (1983), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Strength training and detraining ; Muscle performance ; Muscle morphology ; Muscle metabolic capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate biochemical, histochemical and contractile properties associated with strength training and detraining, six adult males were studied during and after 10 weeks of dynamic strength training for the quadriceps muscle group of one leg, as well as during and after a subsequent 12 weeks of detraining. Peak torque outputs at the velocities tested (0–270
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00952534
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Twitch potentiation after fatiguing exercise in man (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 56 (1987), S. 461-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Human triceps surae ; Twitch potentiation ; Twitch contraction time ; Twitch relaxation time ; Isometric contraction ; Muscle fatigue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twitch potentiation was studied in the human triceps surae complex before and after intermittent maximal voluntary contractions or electrical stimulation at 20 Hz. Both forms of exercise were conducted with intact circulation for a maximum of 10 min or with circulatory occlusion until force output declined 50%. The relative potentiation was determined when a control twitch was compared to a twitch obtained after 5 s of maximal voluntary plantar flexion. The unpotentiated twitch torque (PT) and potentiated twitch torque (PT*) were reduced most severely after voluntary ischemic exercise (63.2% and 52.5% respectively, (P〈0.001)). However, the relative potentiation (PT*/PT) immediately after voluntary ischemic exercise increased to 1.65±0.18 from 1.22±0.13 at rest. Both PT and PT* recovered quickly after exercise. At rest, twitch contraction time (CT) and one-half relaxation time (1/2 RT) in the unpotentiated twitch were longer than that of contraction (CT*) and one-half relaxation time (1/2 RT*) in the potentiated twitch. Following non-occluded exercise, CT, CT*, 1/2 RT and 1/2 RT* were shortened relative to rest. After ischemic exercise CT and CT* were shortened although 1/2 RT and 1/2 RT* increased relative to rest. Both CT* and 1/2 RT* quickly recovered to pre-exercise values by 5 min post-exercise. Ratios of potentiated/control twitch parameters were not altered after nonoccluded exercise, but were increased after ischemic exercise. These results suggest that the mechanisms of fatigue which depress voluntary torque and twitch and potentiated twitch torques, do not interfere with the extent of potentiation after fatiguing exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417776
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