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Notes: Abstract Mineral resource assessment using areal, or unit regional, value approach estimates the variety of commodities likely to occur in a region by comparing its geology with that of regions already well developed and known to produce a variety of commodities. It is, therefore, essential to be able to discern regions which are similar in geology. The data used for this purpose are derived by point-counting geological maps of the regions to be evaluated; one aspect of this data is the presence-absence (i.e., 0–1 data)of 65 standardized rocktypes. It is then necessary to compare geological data from both the developed and undeveloped regions to determine which of the regions are geologically similar. The initial data consists of a matrix (A)of Cregions by Rrock types and all relations (λ)among Cand Rmay be expressed as λ ⊂ C × R.We may then use Atkin's Qanalysis to determine the structure of these relations. Postmultiplying Aby its transpose and subtracting a suitably dimensioned unit matrix yields an output matrix KC (R; λ)which expresses the relations among regions in terms of their rock types. This output matrix comprises qconnectivities among regions; its diagonal elements (denoted $$\hat q$$ )are the number of rock types, minus one, in each region. The offdiagonal elements ( $$\check{q} $$ )are the number of rock types (minus one)which are common to each pair. Similarities of regions in terms of their rock types are then found by using tables of equivalences in which the values of $$\hat q$$ are the dimensions of simplicies representing each region; the rock types are the apicies of the simplicies and similarities are the shared edges and faces of the simplicies. The largest number of shared apicies equals $$\check{q} $$ .Examples of the application of Qanalysis to a comparison of the geology of the 10 counties in New Hampshire and the 50 states of the U.S.A. and Puerto Rico illustrate the procedure. Qanalysis supplies an algebraic language and an equivalent geometry to express the relations among regions in terms of their rock types.

Notes: Abstract The resources produced in some specific region may be measured in terms of the amount of resource produced and its value: if these measures are cumulated over the period of production and prorated over the area of a region. say in km2, they yield the unit regional weight (u.r.w.) and unit regional value (u.r.v.) of resources produced in the region. Frequency distributions of u.r.w. and u.r.v. may be constructed by measuring them on a number of regions; for the 50 states in the U.S.A. the logarithm of u.r.v. is normally distributed and hence different regions may be ranked on this scale using the mean and standard deviation intervals as calibration levels. The u.r.w. and u.r.v. of the 50 states in the U.S.A., may be used as a reference background for such comparisons. The average u.r.v. for all resources produced over the period 1905 to 1972 for the 48 coterminous states is 54.954 (1967) U.S. (S). Alaska, over the same period, possess a u.r.v. of 2738 (1967) U.S. (S) and so its u.r.v. is some 20 times less: this yeilds a conservative measure of the future potential for development of the mineral resources of Alaska. This unconditional estimate of the u.r.v. of Alaska is based solely on its area and one way of refining this estimate is to introduce geology as a conditioning variable. The geological composition of each state in the U.S.A. was point counted from available geological maps of the states and the proportions of different rock units were expressed in terms of 65 standardized time-petrographic units. The accumulated data for ail 50 states yields a diversity (or richness=s−1) of 51 rocktypes: the range in value for the individual states extends from an s−1=1 in Louisiana to s−1=25 in California. Alaska is about seventh among the states in geological diversity and groups with Arizona, Montana. Utah. Nevada, and Washington. However, the dominant rocktype in Alaska is the detrital high-rank graywacke and this characteristic eliminates all but Nevada as a geologically comparable state. New Zealand also possesses similar geological characteristics. The diversity of mineral resources produced in each region may also be standardized and measured in a similar manner as richness=s−1. It has been found that there is a linear association between mineral resource diversity (Y) and the variety of geological roccktypes (X): the degree of common association between these two variables isr 2=80%. This relationship may now be used as predictor equation and we can calculate the expected value for Alaska as s−1=45 against an observed mincral resource variety of s−1=27. Since Nevada (s−1=49) and New Zealand (s−1=36) both possess much higher resource diversity than Alaska it is likely that the extra resources produced in these two regions should be present in Alaska. This permits us to pinpoint, first. the mineral resource sectors, such as constructional materials. fuels. metals. precious metals, and nonmetals, which are underproduced. By returning to the frequency distributions of u.r.v. (and u.r.w.) of the individual commodities which are likely to occur in Alaska, it is possible to estimate both what new resources may be expected and. very approximately. how much more of the resources already produced may be obtained in the future in Alaska. The annual value of the resources of Alaska from 1880 to 1972 may be treated as a time series and projections of future value may be made under different scenarios. This past history clearly emphasizes that the annual value of the mineral resources produced in Alaska is essentially determined by the “degree of commitment” given to investment in their development.

Notes: Abstract The achievements of the mineral industry of Israel and an overall reconnaissance of the natural resources endowment of the country have been evaluated by the areal value estimation method, using the COMOD software package. In broad terms, the evaluation relies on geological variables obtained from quantifying the geological map of a region and on cumulative past production records, which, when prorated per unit area, yield a series of “unit regional values” (u.r.v.)measurements for individual commodities, resource sectors, and total resources. The two groups of variables facilitate conducting comparisons with other well-developed and/or geologically similar regions from which the future potential of the region, with respect to both overall endowment and individual commodities, can be assessed. The model underlying this appraisal method assumes that all regions above a size of about 5,000 sq kms are equally valuable with respect to total endowment in natural resources, regardless of inherent geological characteristics. To date, several areal value estimation studies have been carried out for 11 different countries, encompassing a total of 111 politically-administratively defined regions. These studies provide an adequate information base for between-region comparisons. The individual states of the United States, constituting what can be regarded as well-developed regions, may serve as an expectation for all such comparisons. The distribution of the u.r.v. of total resources of the individual states is lognormal with a geometric mean of 54,954 1967 U.S. dollars per square kilometer. Based on the above assumption, this value can serve as a conservative estimate for the total output any region can be expected to produce. Thirty different mineral commodities are known to exist in Israel. Of these, 19 are economically exploited and the remaining 11 are at present uneconomical mineral occurrences. Past production records have been obtained and assembled for 14 of the exploited commodities. From these records, a number of statistics were computed to evaluate the development of the mineral industry of the country and its future potential. In absolute figures, the overall cumulative production has been rather small, amounting to only 1,679.8 million deflated 1967 U.S. dollars (equivalent to 2,082 million current U.S. dollars or 10,260 million current Israeli pounds). Only bromine, potash, and phosphate are of worldwide significance, amounting respectively to 10, 2.9, and 1 percent of the world production in 1977. Construction materials, with the longest production history, have been the most valuable, accounting for 53.6 percent of the total cumulative output. They are followed by nonmetals (34.7 percent),metals (8 percent)and fuels (3.7 percent).The value-ranking of individual commodities and their respective contribution to the total cumulative output is: cement, 35 percent; potash, 19 percent; stone, 15 percent; phosphate, 11 percent; copper, 8 percent; sand and gravel, 4 percent; bromine, 3 percent; petroleum, 2.5 percent; natural gas, 1 percent; periclase, 0.7 percent; salt, 0.4 percent; and glass sand, 0.2 percent. Total annual output for the period 1948–1977 exhibited a constant growth with no indication of approaching a plateau of diminishing returns. As new commodities became exploited, the share of constructional materials in the total output gradually declined from 100 percent in 1948 to 45 percent in 1977. The contribution of the mineral industry to the annual gross national product rose steadily from 0.55 percent in 1951 to 2.2 percent in 1964. Thereafter, it fluctuated around an average of about 1.8 percent. Total output and production of constructional materials correlate very highly with both gross national product (GNP)and population size. However, when only the annual changes in these variables are considered, the correlation coefficients are found to be insignificant. The u.r.v. of Israel (with an area of 20,700 sq kms and a population of 3,653,000)is 81,154 deflated 1967 U.S. dollars per sq km. It exceeds the expected value for well-developed regions. It can therefore be concluded that Israel is not exceptionally poor in natural resources, as is commonly felt. On the other hand, its high u.r.v. also implies (unfortunately)that the development potential of its mineral industry is rather limited. The u.r.v. estimates, which are based on area alone, can be refined to some degree by considering the geological characteristics of the investigated area. The geological composition of the country was quantified by point counting the geological map, using a grid network of 40.3 sq km cells. Each map unit was assigned to one of 65 standard time-petrographic units. This sampling density results in the recognition of 11 time-petrographic units (instead of 15, which are actually present).Based on linear statistical association between mineral resource diversity and geological diversity established for the states of the United States, Israel can be expected to possess 31 different commodities. Since only 19 have thus far been exploited, Israel can be expected to produce 12 additional commodities. The identity of these “missing” resources can be inferred by examining the inventory of commodities produced in other regions with a similar geological framework and by evaluating the potential of the 11 noneconomical mineral occurrences, which have already been discovered in the country. The geology of Israel was compared to 12 other regions; of these Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Sinai were found to be most similar to Israel, each having 8 or 9 time-petrographic rock types in common with Israel, 7 of which are identical. Based on these comparisons and on additional information from other sources, it appears that the commodities that are more likely to be produced in the foreseeable future include manganese, feldspar, uranium (from phosphates),lignite, oil shale, and iron. The mineral industry of Israel accomplished quite significant achievements in the course of its modern history of only 35 years. These resulted from concerted national exploration and development efforts, which were supported by massive governmental capital investments. The areal value method of mineral resources appraisal is based on a cybernetic “black box” system model in which the “degree of commitment” derived from the socioeconomic infrastructure is viewed as the driving agent in converting the inherited geological characteristics of the region into economic marketable mineral commodities. The case history of Israel provides a strong substantiation for this generalized system model.

Notes: Abstract Multivariate analyses were performed on certain linear dimensions of six genetic types of craters. A total of 320 craters, consisting of laboratory fluidization craters, craters formed by chemical and nuclear explosives, terrestrial maars and other volcanic craters, and terrestrial meteorite impact craters, authenticated and probable, were analyzed in the first data set in terms of their mean rim crest diameter (D r), mean interior relief (R i), rim height (R e), and mean exterior rim width (W e ). The second data set contained an additional 91 terrestrial craters of which 19 were of experimental percussive impact and 28 of volcanic collapse origin, and which was analyzed in terms ofD r,R i, andR e. Principal component analyses were performed on the six genetic types of craters; 90% of the variation in the variables can be accounted for by two components. 99% of the variation in the craters formed by chemical and nuclear explosives is explained by the first component alone. Classification using the CLUS procedure (Rubin and Friedman, 1967) indicates an optimum number of two groups; the main difference between the groups was the presence or absence of rims. The rimmed group of craters could, if desired, be subdivided on the basis of the dimension of the rim crest diameter. Several small rimless craters were classified as rimmed craters, this is believed to have resulted from the small difference in the dimension of their rim crest diameter to rim height, as contrasted with the larger rimless craters; thus, this distinction may also be size dependent. No evidence was found to support an exogenic-endogenic classification scheme of craters, with respect to the variables measured.

Notes: A new gas chromatographic mass spectrometric chemical ionization assay for haloperidol with selected ion monitoring is presented which provides for better combined selectivity and sensitivity than previous asays. Levels of haloperidol in 2 ml of human plasma were reproducibly measured down to subnanogram levels. Both methane and methane-ammonia chemical ionization spectra are presented for haloperidol and the internal standard trifluperidol.