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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of time costs on demand for dental services among adults in Norway in 1975 and 1985 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 19 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of travel time, time spent on a waiting list and time spent in the waiting room on demand for dental services in Norway. The analysis was performed on two sets of national data from 1975 and 1985, and on one set of local data from 1987. The national data were representative of the non-institutionalized Norwegian population aged 20 yr and above. Travel time had an effect on demand in 1975, but not in 1985. Time spent on a waiting list had no opportunity cost, and did not influence demand. There was a statistically significant association between time spent in the waiting room and demand. However, this association disappeared when the effect of dental attendance pattern was controlled for. Regular attenders had shorter waiting times than those who were irregular attenders. This study has shown that factors such as presence of teeth, family income, and age are more important than travel time on demand for dental services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00144.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency in provision of public dental services in Norway (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 28 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract – The paper examines productivity in the provision of public dental services in Norway. The main responsibility of the public dental services is to provide care for all children up to 18 years of age. Most dental care is provided by public dental officers. Productivity was measured by estimating a stochastic production frontier from input and output data from the public dental service in Norway. The results indicate that there are increasing returns to scale. Our measure of technical efficiency showed that the level of inefficiency is fairly small. However, the inefficiency is greater when estimated from a deterministic production frontier rather than from a stochastic frontier. One limitation of the present methodology is that it does not say anything about the level of efficiency in the Norwegian public dental service in absolute terms. A greater level of inefficiency would have been identified if a few counties had performed clearly better than the rest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280302.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accessibility of Norwegian dental services according to family income from 1977 to 1989 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 20 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During the last 10–20 yr there has been a marked increase in demand for dental services in most western countries. An important issue is how this increase in demand has influenced inequalities in use of services among different income groups in the population. It is of particular interest to study this in Norway, as almost all the costs for dental care among adults are borne by the patient. The aim of the present study was to examine how the effect of family income on demand for dental services has changed over time. The analyses were performed on three sets of national data from 1977, 1983 and 1989. The samples were representative of the non-institutionalized Norwegian population aged 20 yr and above. Inequalities in use of dental services among different income groups have decreased between 1977 and 1989. However, separate analyses on the data from 19S9 showed that some inequalities still exist. A non-selective subsidizing policy for dental care is unlikely to have any great effect in reducing these inequalities. Subsidized dental care is likely to raise the total amount of dental care demanded. However, it is difficult to assess accurately the size of this increase as the elasticity of demand for dental care in Norway with respect to price is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1992.tb00663.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supplier inducement – its relative effect on demand and utilization (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 20 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study examined the relative effect of supplier inducement on demand as opposed to on utilization. Supply of dentists was measured as population: dentist ratio at the level of trade areas. The dependent variable was number of dental visits during the last year. The probability of having, any visa was used as the measure of demand. Number of visits, conditional upon having any visit, was used as the measure of utilization. The data were analyzed using Tobit analysis. This analysis gave the fraction of the total effect of a marginal increase in supply that is due to an increase in utilization as opposed to an increase in demand. The analysis was performed on a national sample comprising 1186 adult Norwegians. Supplier inducement had nearly the same effect on demand as on utilization. This finding may be a result of the payment system for dental care, which relates each item of service to the average time it takes to perform that item. Income opportunities for dentists are then fairly independent of whether they spend their time doing check-ups or treatment. The finding indicates that supplier induced demand is a factor to consider in addition to supplier induced utilization when one tries to explain how supplier inducement may affect the unequal distribution of dentists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1992.tb00664.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of costs for dental services and dentists’incomes in the United States and Norway (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 22 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract – The United States and Norway have approximately the same per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and average personal income, but their per capita health spending patterns are quite different. In 1982, the US spent 6.5% of its total health expenditures on dental services while Norway spent 5.4%. A higher percentage of Norwegian adults see a dentist annually as compared to US adults. In 1984, the mean net income of dentists in private practice was $66940 in the US and 27 125 in Norway; this is respectively 5 and 1 3/4 times the average per capita income in those countries. The American publicly-employed dentist earned approximately two-thirds of what the American private practitioner made, while still earning approximately 50% more than his Norwegian counterpart. Some basic information concerning the ratios of dentists, specialists, and dental hygienists to the population is given. The relative proportion of women dentists in the two countries is contrasted. Finally, data on graduates from the dental schools, enrollment cuts, and estimated dentist to population ratios by the year 2000 are described to compare future manpower that will be available to the two countries. Several dissimilarities in the political and social systems are described and discussed. It is emphasized that caution should be used when interpreting and comparing data about countries with different dental delivery, political, and social systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1994.tb01574.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production frontier analyses: comments on the methodology (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 28 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.028002081.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Future demand for dental care in Norway; a macro-economic perspective (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 27 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract– The future demand for dental care in Norway is discussed on the basis of economic theory. During the next 30 years gross national income will increase substantially due to a marked increase in national income from the sale of oil and gas. On the basis of the model we predict that this increase in income will lead to an increase in demand for dental services in the short run, say for the next 10–15 years. To a large extent this increase in demand is supported by evidence from dental epidemiology. In particular, an increasing proportion of elderly dentate people will demand more services. This picture is different in the long run, say from the year 2010–15 and onwards. Evidence from dental epidemiology indicates that at that stage there will be a fairly high proportion of disease-free individuals in the population who will demand less dental care. Such a trend is also supported by economic theory as long as disease-free individuals consume less dental care irrespective of their income.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1999.tb02028.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How age influences expenditure for dental services in Norway (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 18 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several studies have shown that demand for dental services decreases with increasing age. There is a lack of research to examine how utilization (as opposed to demand) varies with age. This relationship is likely to depend on family income and number of teeth. This study had two aims: Firstly, to examine the relationship between age, family income, number of teeth, and expenditure for dental services in Norway. Secondly, to compare a model where expenditure was the dependent variable with a model where demand was the dependent variable, using the same set of explanatory variables (age, income, and number of teeth). The analysis was performed on a set of national data collected in 1987, which was representative of the non-institutionalized Norwegian population 20 yr and above. The sample size was 1216 individuals. The data were analyzed according to a path analysis design, using regression analysis (OLS). Age had no effect on expenditure after controlling for family income and number of teeth. Expenditure decreased and demand increased with increasing number of teeth. This has two implications: Firstly, expenditure will rise and demand decrease with increasing age because number of teeth decreases with age. Secondly, utilization of dental services is likely to decrease, and demand increase as oral health improves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1990.tb00064.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validity of CPITN's hierarchical scoring method for describing the prevalence of periodontal conditions (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 17 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract CPITN has been a frequently used index in periodontal epidemiology during the last decade. It was originally designed to describe treatment needs in populations. For this purpose, it was decided to record only the worst periodontal condition around each index tooth. Such a recording procedure can be regarded as a hierarchical scoring method. Recently, CPITN has been used and recommended for describing the prevalence of periodontal conditions. For this purpose, the index should give a valid estimate of the true periodontal conditions of the index tooth, and not only a recording of the worst condition. The aim of the present study was to test whether the hierarchical assumption of CPITN concerning treatment needs was valid for describing the prevalence of periodontal conditions in a Scandinavian population. The study population comprised 3330 persons from a rural and an urban area in the county of Trondelag, Norway. The clinical recording was carried out so that it was possible to analyze the indicators both hierarchically and non-hierarchically. The results showed that nearly all the CPITN indicators scored hierarchically gave a correct estimate of the prevalence of bleeding in the population. CPITN codes 3 and 4 overestimated the prevalence of calculus. The degree of overestimation varied by age and tooth type. Most overestimation of calculus occurred on molar teeth with pockets 3.5-5.5 mm and for individuals 13–14 yr of age. There was almost no overestimation of calculus for those aged 65 yr and above. The distribution of the different combinations of the indicators was fairly similar for all index teeth for codes 2, 3, and 4, with the exception of the mandibular incisor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1989.tb00641.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Future treatment needs in children, adults and the elderly (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 25 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Future treatment needs for dental services are discussed in the perspective of the objectives which the services are meant to fulfill. These are, broadly speaking, equal distribution of services and economic efficiency. Within the Nordic countries, the emphasis has been on equity, perhaps less on efficiency. Equity of utilization is best understood as being a situation where patients with equal needs for oral health care receive equal treatment, in terms of both the volume and the quality of the services. The justification for arguing that equality of utilization is the appropriate measure is mainly based on the externality argument: health-care consumption by one person may be the source of utility to another person. According to that view there are two beneficiaries of dental care: the patient who is sick, and the rest of society who care for the sick patient and who derive utility from seeing the patient become healthy. The public dental services for children in the Nordic countries are organized according to the principle of equity of utilization. Equity of access is best understood as being a situation where people with equal needs have equal opportunity to use dental services. It is a supply-side phenomenon; equal access is achieved when patients with the same needs face the same costs of dental-care consumption in terms of both time and money. The oral health situation among children, adults and the elderly is exemplified by national service data and recent studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00907.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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