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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skin benefits from continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 15 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Diaper dermatitis is a common childhood affliction. Aiming to help reduce the prevalence of this problem, we have advanced in our development of a novel diaper that delivers dermatological formulations to help protect the skin from over-hydration and irritation.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveTo determine the clinical benefits of a novel disposable diaper designed to deliver a zinc oxide and petrolatum-based formulation continuously to the skin during use.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsAll studies were independent, blinded, randomized clinical trials. Study A was conducted to confirm transfer of the zinc oxide/petrolatum (ZnO/Pet) formulation from the diaper to the child’s skin during use. Children wore a single diaper for 3 h or multiple diapers for 24 h. After the use period, stratum corneum samples were taken from each child and analysed for ZnO/Pet. Study B evaluated the prevention of skin irritation and barrier damage from a standard skin irritant (SLS) in an adult arm model. Study C evaluated skin erythema and diaper rash in 268 infants over a 4-week usage period. One half of the infants used the ZnO/Pet diaper, while the other half used a control diaper that was identical except for the absence of the ZnO/Pet formulation.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsThe ointment formulation and ZnO transferred effectively from the diaper to the child’s skin during product use. Transfer of ZnO increased from 4.2 µg/cm2 at 3 h to 〉 8 µg/cm2 at 24 h. Exposure to the formulations directly on adult skin prior to an irritant challenge was associated with up to a 3.5 reduction in skin barrier damage and skin erythema. Greatest reductions were seen for the ZnO containing formulations. Wearing of the formulation treated diaper was also associated with a significant reduction in skin erythema and diaper rash compared to the control product.〈section xml:id="abs1-6"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsThe results demonstrated the clinical benefits associated with continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum-based formulation by this novel diaper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0926-9959.2001.00002.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a strong intermolecular bond in the phenol⋅N2 cation (1998)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 9244-9251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The phenol⋅N2 complex cation has been studied with a combination of two-color resonant zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) and mass analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopies to probe the interaction of a polar cation with a quadrupolar solvent molecule. Extended vibrational progressions are observed in three modes which are assigned as the in-plane bend (35 cm−1), the stretch (117 cm−1), and in-plane wag (130 cm−1) intermolecular vibrations, and are consistent with a structure where the N2 forms a directional bond to the phenol OH group in the plane of the aromatic ring. Ab initio calculations at the UMP2/6-31G*, UHF/cc-pVDZ, and UMP2/cc-pVDZ levels of theory support this assignment. The spectra also provide a value for the adiabatic ionization energy (67 423 cm−1±4.5 cm−1) and an estimate of the dissociation energy of the cluster (1650±20 cm−1) which illustrate that the quadrupolar nitrogen molecule binds considerably more strongly to the phenol cation than a rare gas atom. These results constitute the first report of an aromatic⋅N2 complex where the interaction can be described in terms of weak hydrogen bonding, rather than in terms of a van der Waals bond to the π-system of the benzene ring. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.477583
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colonic spread of three rectally administered mesalazine (Pentasa) dosage forms in healthy volunteers as assessed by gamma scintigraphy (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Rectal administration of enemas, foams and suppositories is the most efficient method of delivering locally-acting drugs to the distal colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. Healthy volunteers provide an effective population to compare different formulations for rectal drug delivery. However, there is still only limited comparative information available on the dispersion of such dosage forms in human subjects. Therefore, the objective of this scintigraphic study was to compare colonic spread of an enema, a rectal foam and a suppository formulation in healthy volunteers. Methods: This was a randomized, crossover study in eight healthy male volunteers. Each received Pentasa rectal formulations as either a 100 mL suspension enema (1 g mesalazine), one actuation of a non-CFC propellant rectal foam (1 g mesalazine in 5 mL concentrate, expanding to 40 mL on actuation), or one suppository (1 g mesalazine) on three separate occasions. The spread of the radiolabelled formulations was assessed over a 4-h period by gamma scintigraphy. Results: The formulations were retained by all subjects for the whole of the 4-h imaging period. The enema spread to the splenic flexure in 7 out of 8 subjects, but was retained in the rectum and sigmoid colon in one individual. The foam spread as far as the descending colon in four subjects. In the remaining individuals the foam was retained in the rectum and sigmoid colon. The spread of the suppository was limited and confined to the rectum. Conclusions: The findings of this study are consistent with previous research and support the intended clinical uses of the enema, foam and suppository formulations to treat distal ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis and proctitis, respectively. The results highlight the potential of gamma scintigraphy in providing in vivo `proof of concept' data to help verify the targeting of pharmaceutical products to their intended site of delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.00193.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibrinolytic agents in the management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: the evidence (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 226-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Intraventricular hemorrhage ; Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus ; Urokinase ; Streptokinase ; Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator ; Fibrinolytic agent ; Intraventricular administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to review current literature on the management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants with intraventricular administration of fibrinolytic agents; to this end a literature search was carried out electronically. The keywords used were “intraventricular hemorrhage” or “posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus” in combination with “fibrinolytic agent,”“urokinase,”“streptokinase,” or “recombinant tissue plasminogen activator” and “intraventricular administration”; the search covered the years 1966–1998 and was restricted to English language papers and human subjects. It was supplemented by a search through the reference lists of the articles identified. Articles dealing with intracerebral hemorrhage or hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage in adults, nontherapeutic issues and laboratory research were excluded. The articles included are summarized in evidence and evaluation tables. Five scientific publications evaluating the use of a fibrinolytic agent to manage posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus were retrieved. In the studies described in these reports, a total of 62 neonates received streptokinase, urokinase or r-tPA intraventricularly. No two of the regimens were identical in the drug used, method of administration and duration of therapy. The time before therapy was started ranged from 2 to 35 days after the ictus. Among the case series reported, three were small series with a total of 38 neonates. One other case series of 18 neonates compared the treatment group with an historical control group. All case series showed that endoventricular fibrinolytic therapy was practical. The proportion of cases in which shunt placement was performed ranged from 11% to 100%. Only one small prospective, randomized, controlled study was identified. That study was too small to allow useful conclusions. Overall, 3 cases of secondary intraventricular hemorrhage were reported. However, it was not possible to determine with certainty whether these episodes were related to the drug therapy itself. The reports suffer from inadequate study design, lack of descriptive information and short follow-up period. There is insufficient evidence to justify the claim that fibrinolytic agents administered intraventricularly in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus are safe and effective. More evidence is needed to prove or disprove the effectiveness and safety of this form of therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050378
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spreading and Retention of Vaginal Formulations in Post-Menopausal Women as Assessed by Gamma Scintigraphy (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 1073-1078 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: vaginal delivery ; gamma scintigraphy ; bioadhesion ; pessary ; post-menopausal women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In this paper we report on the first scintigraphic evaluation of vaginal dosage forms in post-menopausal women. To date, almost nothing is known about the in vivo performance of pharmaceutical formulations in the human vagina, which is a major deficiency in the rational design of drug delivery systems for both existing and new indications. Methods. The vaginal spreading and clearance of a radiolabelled pessary formulation and Replens® (polycarbophil) gel, was assessed in six healthy, post-menopausal female volunteers over a six hour period using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. Results. In five out of the six subjects studied, clearance of the two formulations exhibited very little intra-subject variation. However, there was considerable inter-subject variability in clearance; in Subject 5 circa 80% of the products were retained whilst in Subject 2 less than 2% was present at the end of the six hour imaging period. Importantly, there was no evidence to suggest that either of the formulations dispersed material beyond the cervix, into the uterus, in any of the subjects studied. Conclusions. The lack of significant retention of these products in most of the volunteers has obvious implications for the delivery of therapeutic agents. This study shows that gamma scintigraphy is an invaluable technique with which to assess novel formulations aimed at optimising retention in the vagina for topical or systemic drug delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012113714552
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