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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical manifestations of cows’ milk allergy in childhood. I. Associations with in-vitro cellular immune responses (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 18 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study 51 children who presented with symptoms of cows’ milk allergy (CMA) were categorized clinically by their response to cows’ milk challenge. Forty-two patients had unequivocal evidence of CMA and nine were milk tolerant. Of the patients with CMA two groups were identified. The first, made up of 32 patients, had immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions to milk associated with both positive skin-prick test (SPT) and RAST. The second group of 10 late reacting patients developed symptoms of CMA over several hours or days; significant increases in irritability, frequency of bowel actions, and rhinitis following milk ingestion were noted in this group. Leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) produced in response to α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and α-casein was assessed in the immediate and late reacting CMA patients as well as in the milk-tolerant group. There was no difference in LIF production between the milk-tolerant group and those with immediate reactions. However, these two groups produced less LIF than the late reacting patients for α-lactalbumin (P= 002), α-casein (P= 0.03) and β-lactoglobulin (P= 0.05). A clinical diary score card was found to be a useful instrument to assess the response of non-immediate reactions to milk ingestion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02897.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific cellular and humoral immunity in children with grass pollen asthma (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 12 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lymphocyte stimulation, as determined by incorporation of thymidine, to rye grass extract in twenty-three children with bronchial reactivity to rye grass and to house dust mite, did not differ significantly from four children with reactivity to house dust mite alone, or from nine children with asthma but without a bronchial response to these allergens. Sixteen children underwent hyposensitization with rye grass extract or treatment with placebo. There was no consistent effect of hyposensitization on the lymphocyte stimulation indices to rye grass. A decrease in lymphocyte responsiveness occurred to rye grass and to house dust mite after the grass pollen season but was not statistically significant. Analysis of changes in lymphocyte responsiveness to both house dust mite and rye grass of the children most highly sensitized to rye allergen, showed that the lymphocyte responsiveness to rye grass fell during the pollen season (P〈0.05) but this effect was not seen with house dust mite. The study suggests that a decrease in lymphocyte responsiveness to rye grass allergen in children with large amounts of anti-rye IgE antibodies is antigen specific and may be seen following seasonal exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1982.tb03129.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal breast milk long-chain n-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of atopy in breastfed infants (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Australia has one of the highest prevalence rates internationally of allergic conditions, such as asthma and eczema. Atopy is one hallmark for the development of allergic disease and predisposes to allergic inflammation in the target organs. ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) are thought to act as precursors to the formation of less active inflammatory mediators, with the potential to reduce inflammation.Objective To investigate whether increased n-3 FA levels in maternal breast milk are associated with a lower risk of developing atopy in infancy.Methods Subjects were part of the prospective Melbourne atopy cohort study, which involved 620 children born into families where at least one first-degree relative had an atopic disease. Some 224 women (mean age 31.4±4.2 (SD) years, with 73.2% (n=164) having self-reported atopy) provided either a colostrum (n=194) or 3-month expressed breast milk (EBM) sample (n=118). Maternal colostrum and 3-month EBM samples were analysed for FA content by gas chromatography. Skin prick tests (SPTs) to six common allergens were performed on infants at 6, 12 and 24 months of age and on mothers who agreed at study entry.Results For infants sensitized to foods at 6 months (n=29), the total n-3 FA level in the colostrum was significantly higher (P=0.004) as were levels of individual long-chain n-3 FAs, docosoapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5, P=0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, P=0.002) than in non-sensitized infants. Infants with aero-allergen sensitization at 24 months (n=30) had higher levels of the n-3 FA, DPA (P=0.002) and DHA (P=0.007), and similarly higher total n-3 FA (P=0.009) in maternal colostrum than those infants who were not sensitized.Conclusion Higher n-3 FA levels in the colostrum do not appear to confer protection against, but may be a risk factor for, the eventual development of atopy in high-risk breastfed infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01852.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of allergen skin testing in predicting positive open food challenges to milk, egg and peanut in children (2000)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The specificity of allergen skin prick testing to diagnose clinically relevant food allergy is controversial.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectivesTo determine the specificity of the allergen weal diameter to correctly identify children who react on formal open food challenges.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsOver a 9-year period children referred to a tertiary allergy clinic for the evaluation of suspected food allergy were prospectively studied. Allergen skin prick testing to cow milk, egg white and peanut extracts (Dome-Hollister-Stier, Spokane, WA, USA) was undertaken using a lancet technique. All children underwent open food challenges to the relevant food(s) in a hospital clinic. Challenges were classified as positive, if objective signs were seen; negative, if the child could tolerate normal quantities of the food, daily, for one week; or inconclusive if none of the former criteria were met.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsFive hundred and fifty-five challenges were undertaken in 467 children: 339 challenges to cow milk, 121 to egg, and 95 to peanut. Fifty-five percentage of challenges were positive, 37% negative, and 8% inconclusive. For each food it was possible to identify a skin weal diameter at, and above, which negative reactions did not occur: cow milk, 8 mm; egg, 7 mm; peanut, 8 mm. In contrast, positive reactions could occur with a skin wheal diameter of 0 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsIn this high risk referral population it was possible to define skin weal diameters to egg, milk and peanut above which open oral food challenges were positive (100% specificity). By utilizing these measurements the need for formal food challenges can be reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00928.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cow milk allergy in infancy and early childhood (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 26 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00086.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A major continuous allergenic epitope of bovine β-lactoglobulin recognized by human IgE binding (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 24 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hexapeptides of sequential overlapping sequences of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) were used to probe scrum from children with immediate-type cow milk allergy for IgE binding to continuous epilopes of BLG in an enhanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Six regions of IgE binding were identified on the BLG molecule and these were synthesized as dodecapeptides. Inhibition of IgE binding to whole BLG was used to confirm the BLG-specific binding of IgE to each of the synthesized peptides. One of the peptides. peptide 4, showed inhibition in an IgE anti-BLG radioimmunoassay to all 16 sera tested. The patterns of inhibition with the native BLG molecule and peptide 4 were significantly correlated (P =0.005). suggesting that this peptide contains a major continuous IgE binding epitope of BLG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00987.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-related eczema (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 19 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02349.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible role for rotavirus in the development of cows' milk enteropathy in infants (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 18 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to test the hypothesis that rotavirus infection leads to IgE hypersensitivity to cows’ milk, evidence of past rotavirus infection, as reflected by the presence of antibodies, was sought in two groups of children with cows’ milk allergy. The groups were defined according to the time to react to milk challenge. In group I there were fifteen children with an adverse reaction within 40 min of milk challenge. The twenty-one children in group II had gastrointestinal reactions between 1 hr and 24 hr after milk challenge. The results showed a higher incidence of antibodies to rotavirus in group II than group I (P 〈 0.05). Although group I patients had significantly higher levels of total and milk-specific IgE antibodies to cows’ milk than those in group II, both patient groups had lower levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM than a control population. No association between the presence of rotavirus antibodies and IgE hypersensitivity to cows’ milk was found. However, an association between non-IgE milk enteropathy and previous rotavirus antibodies was demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02843.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IgE responses to environmental antigens in atopic children (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 11 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The levels of IgE antibodies to inhaled and dietary antigens and total serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE were studied in two highly selected populations of children who had either severe asthma and no history of eczema, or severe asthma and generalized eczema. These populations were age-matched with a healthy control population. The results showed that the eczematous children had significantly higher levels of IgE antibodies to common environmental antigens than the non-eczematous patients with severe asthma. Both patient groups had significantly higher IgE antigen specific antibody levels than the control population to these antigens. Minor differences in total IgG, IgA and IgM levels were noted between the groups. The variations in total IgE levels between the groups showed the same pattern as for specific IgE antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb02172.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural history of cows' milk allergy in children: immunological outcome over 2 years (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 23 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this investigation 98 children (median age 24 months) with cows' milk allergy (CMA) were studied over a median period of 2 years to see whether acquisition of clinical tolerance to cows' milk was associated with the changes in levels of IgG and IgE anti-cows' milk antibodies, and skin test reactivity to a cows' milk extract. Two groups of CMA patients were examined. The first were IgE sensitized and responded rapidly to small volumes of cows' milk with urticaria, and/or exacerbations of eczema, and/or wheeze, and/or vomiting (n= 69). The second, a late reacting group (n= 29) demonstrated coughing, diarrhoea, eczematoid rashes, and/or a combination of these which developed more than 20 hr after commencing normal volumes of cows' milk. Significant immunological changes were confined to the 69 IgE sensitized immediate-reacting-group of patients. Of these, there were 15 children who achieved clinical tolerance to cows' milk and they showed a significant fall in the levels of skin test reactivity to cows' milk over the study period (P 〈0.01). In addition, these 15 children had lower serum IgE antibodies to cows' milk proteins both at the outset and the final follow-up compared with the 54 patients whose CMA persisted. No consistent change in the IgG antibody responses to cows' milk proteins was seen in either group of patients over the study period. The findings suggest patients with immediate type hypersensitivity to cows' milk proteins whose disease persists for more than 2 years have a more severe dysregulation of IgE synthesis to cows' milk proteins from the outset. The role of humoral immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of late reacting CMA remains unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00307.x
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