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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is nitrogen transferred between field crops? examining the question through a sweet-blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius l.)-oats (Avena sativa) intercrop
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25 (1993), S. 1135-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(93)90163-6
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nodulation, N"2 fixation and dry matter yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merrill] inoculated with effective and ineffective Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26 (1994), S. 883-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90304-2
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yield, nodulation, and N2 fixation by cowpea cultivars at different phosphorus levels (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 10-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Biological nitrogen fixation ; Cowpea ; N assimilation ; 15N isotope dilution ; P assimilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a P application (0 vs. 50 mg P kg–1) on yield, nodulation, and N2 fixation by three cowpea cultivars (Soronko, Amantin, and IT81D-1137) using the 15N isotope-dilution method. When P was not applied the inoculated cowpea genotypes showed significant differences (Soronko〉Amantin〉 IT81D-1137) in N accumulation, in contrast to the uninoculated cowpea cultivars, which accumulated similar amounts of N. The differences in shoot N in inoculated plants were thus caused by differences in N2 fixation. The average values of N fixed (for both P levels) were 74% in Soronko, 59% in Amantin, and 42% in IT81D-1137,correspondingto80,51, and 24mgN plant–1, respectively. Inoculation increased the total shoot-N accumulation in cv. Soronko by 270% without P and by 204% with P, cv. Amantin by 152 and 104%, and cv. IT81D-1137 by 74 and 58%, respectively. With P, the % N derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa) was 42% for IT81D-1137, 62% for Amantin, and 76% for Soronko. The high value for Soronko indicates that in a soil of medium fertility, certain cowpea cultivars are capable of satisfying their total N requirement through N2 fixation. The P effect on N2 fixation was mainly in the total amount of N fixed rather than on the percentage derived from the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384426
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in nodulation and N2 fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis in a calcareous soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Genetic variability ; N-15 methods ; Nitrogen fixation ; Provenances ; Rhizobium strains ; Gliricidia sepium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation in nodulation and N2 fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was studied in two greenhouse experiments. The first included 25 provenances of G. sepium inoculated with a mixture of three strains of Rhizobium spp. N2 fixation was measured using the 15N isotope dilution method 12 weeks after planting. On average, G. sepium derived 45% of its total N from atmospheric N2. Significant differences in fixation were observed between provenances. The percentage of N derived from atmospheric N2 ranged from 26 to 68% (equivalent to 18–62 mg N plant-1) and was correlated with total N in the plant (r=0.70; P=0.05). The second experiment included six strains of Rhizobium spp. and two methods of inoculation and the plants were harvested 14,35 and 53 weeks after planting. In the first harvest significant differences were found between the number of nodules and the percentage and amount of N2 fixed. There was also a significant correlation between the number of nodules and the amount of N2 fixed (r=0.92; P=0.05). In the final harvest no correlation was observed, although there were significant differences between the number of nodules and the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere. The amount of N2 fixed increased with time (from an average of 27% at the first harvest to 58% at the final harvest) and was influenced by the Rhizobium spp. strain and the method of inoculation. It ranged from 36% for Rhizobium sp. strain SP 14 to 71% for Rhizobium SP 44 at the last harvest. Values for the percentage of atmosphere derived N2 obtained by soil inoculation were slightly higher than those obtained by seed inoculation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335847
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of plant genotype and nitrogen fertilizer on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean cultivars (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 397-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Glycine max L. Merr. ; N-difference method ; N2 fixation ; 15N methodology ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isotopic as well as non-isotopic methods were used to assess symbiotic nitrogen fixation within eight soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars grown at 20 and 100 kg N/ha levels of nitrogen fertilizer under field conditions. The15N methodology revealed large differences between soybean cultivars in their abilities to support nitrogen fixation. In almost all cases, the application of 100 kg N/ha resulted in lower N2 fixed in soybean than at 20 kg N/ha in the first year of the study. However, N2 fixed in one cultivar, Dunadja, was not significantly affected by the higher rate of N fertilizer application. These results were confirmed by measurements of acetylene reduction activity, nodule dry weight and N2 fixed as measured by the difference method. Further proof of differences in N2 fixed within soybean cultivars and the ability of Dunadja to fix similar amounts of N2 at 20 and 100 kg N/ha was obtained during a second year experiment. Dunadja yield was affected by N fertilizer and produced larger yield at 100 kg N/ha than at 20 kg N/ha. This type of cultivar could be particularly useful in situations where soil N levels are high or where there is need to apply high amounts of N fertilizer. The present study reveals the great variability between legume germplasms in the ability to fix N2 at different inorganic N levels, and also the potential that exists in breeding for nitrogen fixation associative traits. The15N methodology offers a unique tool to evaluate germplasms directly in the field for their N2 fixation abilities at different N fertilizer levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184277
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field evaluation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobial strains using15N methodology (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max. (L.) ; Merr. N2-fixation ; 15N methodology ; N yield ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Small differences in N2 fixation by nodulated soybeans (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.), inoculated with various strains ofRhizobium japonicum, were assessed in field experiments using15N methodology, and compared with yields of plant dry matter and total N. Percentage of plant-N derived from atmospheric N2 and from fertilizer, and values of %15N atom excess had lower coefficients of variation than did total N and dry matter yield. Nevertheless the precision of estimates of kg N/ha fixed were sufficient to differentiate only the extremes of the range of strains tested, and there were discrepancies between ranking of strains based on % N derived from fertilizer and on total N yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184274
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of nitrogen fixation in fababean at different N fertilizer rates using the 15N isotope dilution and ‘A-value’ methods (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: A-value ; fababean ; 15N isotope dilution ; N fertilizer ; nitrogen fixation ; Vicia faba L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 15N isotope dilution and A-value methods were used to measure biological nitrogen (N2) fixation in field grown fababean (Vicia faba L.), over a 2-year period. Four N rates, 20, 100, 200 and 400 kg N ha−1 were examined. The two isotope methods gave similar values of % N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa). With 20 kg N ha−1, %Ndfa in fababean was about 85% in both years. Increasing the N rate to 100 kg N ha−1 decreased N2 fixation slightly to 75%. Further reductions in N2 fixed to 60 and 43% occurred where 200 and 400 kg N ha−1 were applied, respectively. Thus even higher rates of N than normally applied in farming practice could not completely suppress N2 fixation in fababean. We also devised one equation for both the isotope dilution and A-value approaches, thereby (i) avoiding the need for different calculations for the 15N isotope methods, and (ii) showing once again that the isotope dilution and A-value methods are mathematically and conceptually identical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009445
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of combined nitrogen on nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) as affected by cultivar and rhizobial strain (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; isotope dilution method ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine strains ofRhizobium japonicum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were screened for nitrogen fixation in combination with two cultivars of soybean, Chippewa and Dunadja at two levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e. 20 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg N ha−1 using15N isotope dilution method. Plant dry weight, nitrogen yield, percent N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and total amount of N2 fixed were strongly influenced by the specific combination of host-genotype and rhizobial strain. The interaction between the host and microsymbiont were so specific that accurate prediction of symbiotic performance of either partner in relation to a particular host or strain of Rhizobium appears impossible. The sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to combined nitrogen was furthermore dependent upon both the rhizobial strain and host-Rhizobium association. It is therefore, inadvisable to describe a certain bacterium as being fully effective/ineffective or sensitive/tolerant to combined nitrogen, except in relation to a particular host-genotype. There is scope for obtaining promising host-Rhizobium associations tolerant to combined nitrogen through exploiting the interactive effects between the host-genotypes and strains of Rhizobium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370666
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of delayed soil and foliar N fertilization on yield and N2 fixation of soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 361-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Foliar fertilization ; Fertilizer uptake efficiency ; Late fertilization ; Nitrogen-15 ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen translocation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the amount, time and method of fertilizer N application on the efficiency of N uptake, N2 fixatio and yield of soybean. Soil and foliar fertilizer N, applied during the pod-filling stage were absorbed by plants with equal and high efficiency, compared to an appreciably lower utilization efficiency for N applied before seedling emergence. These results reveal that the soybean roots were active in N uptake during these late stages of growth. Nitrogen fertilization during pod-filling resulted in significant yield increases over the control treatment which received an early application of 20 Kg N/ha. Seed yield increases were, however, more pronounced than total dry matter yield, and virtually all of the late-applied N was translocated into the pods. Nitrogen fixation in soybean was not influenced by the application of 40 kg N/ha to plants as soil or foliar N during the pod-filling stage. However, 80 kg N/ha supplied during pod-filling as 40 kg soil plus 40 kg foliar N/ha significantly reduced the amount of N2 fixed. The results obtained in these studies suggest that inadequate N supply during pod-filling limited soybean yields, and that by the judicious application of fertilizer N during the late stages of growth, it was possible to enhance soybean yields without necessarily inhibiting N2 fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383226
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen accumulation in sole and mixed stands of sweet-blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), ryegrass and oats (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: intercropping ; isotope dilution ; Lupinus angustifolius ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation was measured in monocropped sweet-blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), lupin intercropped with two ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars or with oats (Avena sativa) on an Andosol soil, using the 15N isotope dilution method. At 117 days after planting and at a mean temperature below 10°C, monocropped lupin derived an average of 92% or 195 kg N ha−1 of its N from N2 fixation. Intercropping lupin with cereals increased (p〈0.05) the percentage of N derived from atmospheric N2 (% Ndfa) to a mean of 96%. Compared to the monocropped, total N fixed per hectare in intercropped lupin declined approximately 50%, in line with the decrease in seeding rate and dry matter yield. With these high values of N2 fixation, selection of the reference crop was not a problem; all the cereals, intercropped or grown singly produced similar estimates of N2 fixed in lupin. It was deduced from the 15N data that significant N transfer occurred from lupin to intercropped Italian ryegrass but not to intercropped Westerwoldian ryegrass or to oats. Doubling the 15N fertilizer rate from 30 to 60 kg N ha−1 decreased % Ndfa to 86% (p〈0.05), but total N fixed was unaltered. These results indicate that lupin has a high potential for N2 fixation at low temperatures, and can maintain higher rates of N2 fixation in soils of high N than many other forage and pasture legumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010183
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