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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor α6 Subunit Gene Expression in Cerebellar Granule Cells (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 66 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor cDNAs encoding the α6 subunit homologues from chicken and goldfish have been cloned and sequenced. These proteins exhibit 83 and 75% identity, respectively, to the rat α6 polypeptide. In situ hybridization has demonstrated that, as in mammals, the avian and teleost fish α6 subunit genes are predominately expressed in cerebellar granule cells. Correspondingly, flunitrazepam-nondisplaceable binding of [3H]Ro 15-4513 (a benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist), which is a major characteristic of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors that contain the α6 polypeptide, is also mainly found for cerebellar granule cells of fish and chick. The conservation of this expression pattern suggests that γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors possessing the α6 subunit are of fundamental importance for cerebellar function and that the corresponding gene regulatory elements, e.g., granule cell-specific enhancers, have also been conserved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66051810.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence of a Drosophila Ligand-Gated Ion-Channel Polypeptide with an Unusual Amino-Terminal Extracellular Domain (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 62 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We report the isolation of a full-length clone from a Drosophila melanogaster head cDNA library that encodes a 614-residue polypeptide that exhibits all of the features of a ligand-gated chloride-channel/receptor subunit. This polypeptide, which has been named GRD (denoting that the polypeptide is a GABAA and glycine receptor-like subunit of Drosophila), displays between 33 and 44% identity to vertebrate GABAA and glycine receptor subunits and 32–37% identity to the GABAA receptor-like polypeptides from Drosophila and Lymnaea. It is interesting that the large amino-terminal, presumed extracellular domain of the GRD protein contains an insertion, between the dicysteine loop and the first putative membrane-spanning domain, of 75 amino acids that is not found in any other ligand-gated chloride-channel subunit. Analysis of cDNA and genomic DMA reveals that these residues are encoded by an extension of an exon that is equivalent to exon 6 of vertebrate GABAA and glycine receptor genes. The gene (named Grd) that encodes the Drosophila polypeptide has been mapped, by in situ hybridization, to position 75A on the left arm of chromosome 3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62062480.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternative Splicing of a 51-Nucleotide Exon that Encodes a Putative Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation Site Generates Two Forms of the Chicken γ-Aminobutyric AcidAReceptor β2 Subunit (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 62 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Complementary DNAs that encode two forms of the chicken -γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor β2 subunit have been isolated. These polypeptides differ by the presence (β2L) or absence (β2S) of 17 amino acids, which contain a possible target for phosphorylation by protein kinase C, in the large intracellular loop between the third and fourth membrane-spanning domains. The extra sequence in the chicken β2L subunit is not found in previously published GABAA receptor β2-subunit sequences. Analysis of genomic DNA has revealed that the two β2-subunit mRNAs arise by alternative splicing of a novel 51-nucleotide exon. Although the two β2-subunit transcripts appear to be present in 1 -day-old chick brain at similar steady-state levels, we have been unable to detect an mRNA for the long form of the β2 subunit in either the bovine or the rat. Because the various GABAA receptor genes are thought to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor, our data, taken together with that on the γ2 subunit, which occurs in two forms that arise by alternative splicing of a 24-nucleotide exon, suggest that the coding region of the primordial gene or one of its very early descendants contained 10 exons, not nine as previously thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62010010.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CAN RATERS WITH REDUCED JOB DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION PROVIDE ACCURATE POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE (PAQ) RATINGS? (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Personnel psychology 39 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-6570
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Jones, Main, Butler, and Johnson (1982) stated that job-naive raters provided with only narrative job descriptions can produce valid and reliable Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) ratings. This implies that traditional time- and labor-intensive methods of collecting job analysis information (e.g., interviews, direct observation) are not necessary in order to accurately complete the PAQ. However, PAQ ratings in the Jones et al. study were not validated against an external standard. Consequently, their conclusion is open to question. To determine the convergent validity of the Jones et al. approach, we provided job-naive raters with varying amounts of job descriptive information and, in some cases, prior practice rating the job with another job analysis instrument; PAQ ratings were validated against those of job analysts who were also job content experts. None of the reduced job descriptive information conditions (or the practice) enabled job-naive raters to obtain either acceptable levels of convergent validity with experts or high interrater reliability. Two areas of research that may make the PAQ more time- and labor-efficient are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00594.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES TO JOB CLASSIFICATION: A REVIEW AND CRITIQUE (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Personnel psychology 39 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-6570
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Job classification decisions underlie nearly all personnel functions (e.g., grouping for test validity generalization, compensation, performance appraisal, training needs analysis, career path and succession planning). Pearlman (1980) performed a comprehensive review of the job-family literature, paying special attention to the problem of forming job families when generalizing aptitude test validities. This review addresses a more specific topic: selecting among and using the numerous quantitative job-classification procedures, with a focus on the decision-making tasks and practical difficulties that confront users of each.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00582.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MONTE CARLO BASELINES FOR INTERRATER RELIABILITY CORRELATIONS USING THE POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Personnel psychology 39 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-6570
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ; McCormick, Jeanneret, & Mecham, 1972) has usually demonstrated acceptable reliability: When measured as the average interrater correlation, reliabilities of .80 and above are common. In contrast, recent attempts to reduce the cost and intrusiveness of PAQ job analysis by providing raters with minimal job descriptive information have reported reliabilities under .50. Because many PAQ items are clearly irrelevant for any given job–even with only minimal job information–the fact that raters agree that these items receive a “Does Not Apply” (DNA) rating may mask disagreement on the remaining items and overestimate interrater reliability, making it difficult to interpret these reliabilities. To facilitate the interpretation of PAQ interrater reliabilities, we performed a Monte Carlo study that varied the number of raters as well as the number of DNA agreements. To estimate the worst possible reliability that could be expected for a given DNA agreement level, the remaining non-DNA ratings were random numbers. Our results showed that reliabilities in the 50 range (such as were reported in recent nontraditional PAQ studies) can be obtained when raters rule out only 15–20% of the items as DNA and respond randomly to the remainder. Implications of these results for future job analysis research and practice are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00586.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Situ Hybridization and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Studies on the Expression of the GABAc Receptor ρ1- and ρ2-subunit Genes in Avian and Rat Brain (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pharmacological properties of homo-oligomeric channels formed by the GABA type A receptor-like ρl and ρ2 polypeptides are very reminiscent of those of the GABA type C receptors that have been extensively characterized in the retina. Similar receptors have been reported to occur in certain brain regions of a variety of vertebrate species. We have used in situ hybridization to investigate the expression patterns of the ρ1- and ρ -polypeptide genes in the brain of the 1-day-old chick (Gallus domesticus) and the adult rat (Rattus norvegicus). Our results show that in the chick both the ρ1- and ρ2-subunit transcripts are present in the cerebellum, the optic tectum, the epithalamus and the nucleus pretectalis. However, the two messenger RNAs are often found in different populations of cells. Thus, only the ρ1-subunit gene is expressed in the deep cerebellar nuclei, the dorsal thalamus, the ectostriatum and the tractus vestibulomesencephalicus, while only the ρ2-subunit gene is transcribed in the nucleus habenularis lateralis and the nucleus isthmo-opticus. In contrast, neither of the ρ-polypeptide messenger RNAs can be detected by in situ hybridization in the rat central nervous system. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification has been used to confirm the expression of the two ρ-subunit genes in the chicken brain. Surprisingly, this highly sensitive technique also revealed transcription of these genes in the rat brain. We conclude that the ρl- and ρ2-subunit genes are expressed at a much higher level in the avian brain than in the rat brain and that, at least in birds, subtypes of the GABC receptor exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01658.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the GABAA receptor γ4-subunit gene: anatomical distribution of the corresponding mRNA in the domestic chick forebrain and the effect of imprinting training (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 10 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The learning process of imprinting involves morphological, electrophysiological and biochemical changes in a region of the chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) forebrain known as the intermediate and medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV). The alterations include increases in the mean length of postsynaptic density profiles of axospinous synapses and the number of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor binding sites, and changes in spontaneous and evoked electrical activity. Recent immunocytochemical and behavioural studies have suggested that inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission plays a role in learning. In this context, it has previously been reported that a novel avian γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A (GABAA) receptor gene, encoding the γ4 subunit, is highly expressed in the hyperstriatum ventrale. In this study, we have used in situ hybridization to map, in detail, the expression of the γ4-subunit gene in the chick brain, and to assess the effect of imprinting training on the level of the corresponding transcript. Our results reveal that the γ4-subunit mRNA has a restricted distribution, and demonstrate a highly significant, time-dependent effect of training on its steady-state level. At 10 h but not at 5 h after training there is a decrease (25–32%) in the amount of this transcript in parts of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale, including the IMHV. A decrease (28–39%) is also seen in certain visual and auditory pathway areas but no effect was observed in other forebrain regions such as the hyperstriatum intercalatus superior (HIS). These results suggest that imprinting training leads to a time-dependent down-regulation of GABAergic transmission, and raise the possibility that this down-regulation plays a role in learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1998.00354.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycine receptors containing the α4 subunit in the embryonic sympathetic nervous system, spinal cord and male genital ridge (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) are known to mediate postsynaptic inhibition in spinal cord, brain stem and some higher brain regions. Several developmentally and regionally regulated GlyR isoforms exist, which result from a differential expression of the GlyR α (α1-α4) and β subunit genes. Currently, very little is known about GlyRs containing the α4 subunit, whose existence was predicted from a partial genomic sequence. Here, we describe the isolation of complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences for the mouse and chick GlyR α4 subunits. We show that a mouse GlyR α4 subunit full-length cDNA directs the formation of functional homo-oligomeric strychnine-sensitive GlyRs in Xenopus laevis oocytes and mammalian cells, and that these resemble GlyRs composed of the α1 subunit in pharmacological profile and single-channel properties. In situ hybridization reveals high levels of GlyR α4 subunit transcripts in the embryonic (E13) chick spinal cord, lumbosacral sympathetic ganglia and dorsal root ganglia. The avian GlyR α4 subunit gene also shows male-specific expression in the developing genital ridge. The pharmacological profile of α4 subunit-containing receptors and deduced location of the avian GlyR α4 subunit are consistent with it being a component of the embryonic excitatory GlyRs previously identified in sympathetic neurons. Our data also suggest a novel role for GlyRs in the maturation of reproductive organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00993.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A COMPARISON OF HOLISTIC VERSUS DECOMPOSED RATING OF POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE WORK DIMENSIONS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Personnel psychology 41 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-6570
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Recent studies have attempted to reduce the cost and intrusiveness of the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) by limiting the amount of information provided to the analyst, with consistently negative results. We examined an alternative technique for improving the cost-effectiveness of the PAQ that avoids the need to rate the hundreds of items that constitute the instrument. Three groups of raters (professional job analysts, graduate students in industrial psychology who were familiar with the PAQ, and PAQ-unfamiliar undergraduates) made direct holistic ratings of the PAQ dimensions for four familiar jobs. The holistic ratings were compared with decomposed PAQ dimension profiles obtained from the item-level ratings of the professional analysts. Cronbach accuracy analyses indicated near-zero convergence between the holistic and decomposed dimension ratings, even for the professional PAQ job analysts. We conclude that holistic rating of dimensions is not an effective means of reducing the cost of a PAQ job analyses and that it is likely to be similarly ineffective with task- or ability-based instruments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00652.x
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