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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of acrylamide and related compounds on glycolytic enzymes in rat sciatic nerve in vivo (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 57 (1985), S. 282-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylamide analogues ; Acrylamide ; N-tert-butylacrylamide ; N,N-dimethylacrylamide ; N-hydroxymethylacrylamide ; N-isopropylacrylamide ; N-methylacrylamide ; N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide ; Rat sciatic nerve ; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehy-drogenase ; Enolase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of acrylamide and six analogues on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and enolase in sciatic nerve was examined in rats after their prolonged administration in drinking water. After 15 days' treatment with acrylamide and N-isopropylacrylamide, slight signs of peripheral neuropathy were produced with no changes in the activity of either enzyme. N,N-dimethylacrylamide, a non-neurotoxic analogue, produced only body weight loss at this stage. After 30 days' treatment, acrylamide and N-isopropylacrylamide produced moderate signs of neuropathy, but no changes in enzyme activity. N,N-dimethylacrylamide produced a reduction in GAPDH activity as well as body weight loss. After 45 days' treatment, acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide and N-methylacrylamide produced severe signs of neuropathy as well as body weight loss. All these analogues also produced a reduction in the two enzyme activities, except for enolase after N-isopropylacrylamide. N,N-dimethylacrylamide produced inhibition of GAPDH as well as body weight loss without neuropathy. N-tert-butylacrylamide and N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide induced neither neuropathy nor inhibition of either enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324793
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-acute toxicity relationship of dinitriles in mice (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 57 (1985), S. 88-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbon tetrachloride ; Cyanide ; Metabolism ; Dinitriles ; Structure toxicity relationship ; Malononitrile ; Succinonitrile ; Glutaronitrile ; Adiponitrile ; Pimelonitrile ; Suberonitrile ; Sebaconitrile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute toxicity and metabolism of seven dinitriles in mice was studied in relation to the chemical structures. The oral LD50 for each nitrile was determined under different conditions for mice pretreated with either carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or olive oil. All test nitriles were metabolized into cyanide in vivo and in vitro. The cyanide level was variable among the compounds (0.35–0.74 μg CN/g brain) at death in the brains of mice, the level for malono- and adiponitrile being comparable to that found in mice killed by dosing with potassium cyanide. After receiving each nitrile, the mean survival time of mice pretreated with CCl4 was prolonged and their brain cyanide level decreased when compared with the corresponding control. With malononitrile, the former did not significantly change and the latter decreased slightly. Brain cyanide levels of control mice at death showed a peak at the lower log P region, while those of CCl4-pretreated animals remained lower independently of log P, with the exception of malononitrile. Microsomal metabolism of nitriles to cyanide was greatly inhibited when microsomes were prepared from livers of mice pretreated with CCl4. The relationship between log (1/LD50-CCl4), LD50 in mice pretreated with CCl4, and log P fits a parabolic plot.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343116
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of acrylamide and related compounds on glycolytic enzymes in mouse brain in vitro (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 57 (1985), S. 276-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylamide analogues ; Acrylamide ; N-tert-butylacrylamide ; Crotonamide ; N,N-dimethylac-rylamide ; N-hydroxymethylacrylamide ; N-isopropylacrylamide ; Methacrylamide ; N-methylacrylamide ; N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide ; Mouse brain ; Enolases ; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Phosphofructokinase ; Hepatic S-9 fraction ; Metabolic modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of acrylamide and eight analogues on mouse brain glycolytic enzymes were studied in vitro. Most of the neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic analogues showed inhibitory effects on enolases. Their inhibitory constants, I50, for both mouse brain total enolases and purified bovine neuron specific enolase were similar for each analogue, being lowest for N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide and highest for methacrylamide. A neurotoxic compound, N-isopropylacrylamide, and a non-neurotoxic compound, N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide, showed non-competitive inhibition towards mouse brain total enolase. After preincubation of anologues in vitro for 90 min with hepatic S-9 fraction prepared from normal mice, their inhibitory potency towards brain total enolase was also seen. When the S-9 fraction was prepared from mice pretreated with phenobarbital, the inhibitory potency was not different from that of the control. After preincubation with S-9 fraction prepared from either diethyl maleate-, or piperonyl butoxide-pretreated mice the inhibitory potency was significantly greater than with non-pretreated control mice. Many of the test analogues also showed inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, the highest inhibitory potency being seen with acrylamide, but no compounds inhibited phosphofructokinase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324792
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transfer and distribution of accumulated (14C)polychlorinated biphenyls from maternal to fetal and suckling rats (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 15 (1986), S. 709-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract (14C)polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs (KC-600)] were administered orally to female rats at the dose of 10 mg/kg in olive oil once a week for five weeks. Four weeks after the last administration of (14C)PCBs, they were mated with untreated males. The distribution of total14C was examined in maternal and offspring tissues. The average amount of PCBs accumulated in dams was 44.2% of the dose two weeks after the last administration. The average amount transferred from dam to fetus was 0.003% accumulated in the dam. In the fetus, the highest concentration was found in the fetal placenta followed by the liver, heart, skin, muscle, blood, lung, and brain. The PCBs level in fetal blood was the same as in maternal blood. The average concentration of PCBs in milk was 1.84 ppm. The amount transferred to sucklings increased gradually to about 5% of the maternal PCBs. In suckling rats, PCBs were distributed at the highest concentration in adipose tissues and at intermediate concentrations in the skin, adrenal gland, and liver. The liver to body weight ratio of offspring was significantly increased on the 11th and 25th days after birth. The nursing rats had lower PCBs concentrations compared with the pregnant and virgin rats. The organ concentrations of PCBs in dam and offspring were about ten times as high as those found after treatment with Kane-chlor®-400. These results may suggest that PCBs with higher chlorine content remained in tissues for a longer period of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054917
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytotoxicity of acrylamide and related compounds to mouse neuroblastoma and rat Schwannoma cells (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 61 (1988), S. 298-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylamide ; N-Hydroxymethylacrylamide ; Methacrylamide ; N-Isopropylacrylamide ; N-Methylacrylamide ; N,N-Dimethylacrylamide ; Crotonamide ; N,N-Diethylacrylamide ; Diacetone acrylamide ; Dibutyryl cyclic AMP ; Cytotoxicity ; Neuroblastoma ; Schwannoma ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cytotoxicity of acrylamide and related compounds to mouse neuroblastoma N18TG-2 and rat Schwannoma RT4 cells was studied. Of nine test chemicals, acrylamide and N-hydroxymethylacrylamide were most toxic compared with others on the basis of ED50 value. Observation under phase-contrast microscopy revealed that in N18TG-2 acrylamide produced both degeneration of the cells and inhibition of cell growth, and that in RT4 it produced only inhibition of cell growth without causing any marked morphological changes. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP) reduced the Cytotoxicity of acrylamide to both types of cells on the basis of the dose-effect curve. Studies on the subcellular distribution of 14C-acrylamide incorporated showed that more than 90% of the total radioactivity was incorporated in the 15000 g supernant fraction. Kinetics of acrylamide uptake by N18TG-2 cells showed that in the cells untreated with dBcAMP there were two binding sites with high and low affinity, and that after treatment with dBcAMP the site of high affinity disappeared. The situation was true for RT4 cells, the results indicating that the immature cells are more vulnerable to acrylamide than the mature cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364853
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) on mouse germ cells — sperm count and morphology, and testicular pathology (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 62 (1988), S. 54-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide ; Single oral dose ; Sperm count and morphology ; Testicular histopathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The sperm count and morphology, and testicular histopathology were studied in mice over a period of 75 days following a single oral administration of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg N.N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA). With a 50 and 100 mg/kg dose, the sperm abnormality reached a maximum at 30 days, whereas the sperm count reached a minimum at 35 days. The abnormality and decrease in sperm count were both dose dependent. Following the administration of 200 mg/kg MBA, the appearance of abnormal sperm showed a diphase pattern, i.e., first at 7–15 days without any reduction of the sperm count and second at 30 days after treatment. Testicular histopathological changes showed that resting spermatocytes, succeeding leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes were either absent or reduced 1–3 days after treatment with 200 mg/kg MBA. These early histopathological changes seemed to precede both the increase in abnormal sperm and the decrease in sperm count observed 30–35 days post-treatment, and also suggested that resting spermatocytes were most sensitive to MBA exposure among various spermatogenic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316258
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytotoxic effects of acrylamide and its related compounds assessed by protein content, LDH activity and cumulative glucose consumption of neuron-rich cultures in a chemically defined medium (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 63 (1989), S. 308-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Neurotoxicity ; Acrylamide ; N-Isopropylacrylamide ; Methacrylamide ; N,N′-Methylene-bis-acrylamide ; Protein content ; Lactic dehydrogenase ; Cumulative glucose consumption ; Neuronal culture ; Chemically defined medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cytotoxicity of acrylamide on neuronal cells cultured in a chemically defined medium was studied with morphological alteration, protein content, LDH activity and cumulative glucose consumption as toxicity indicators. The cumulative glucose consumption was significantly reduced by exposure to acrylamide before the other indicators were affected, suggesting that it would be the most sensitive indicator in the present study and that inhibition of glucose utilization might be one of the mechanisms of acrylamide neurotoxicity. The cumulative glucose consumption was applied for assessing cytotoxicity of acrylamide and its related compounds in neuronal cultures. The ED50 values were 0.8, 5.8, 15.0 mM for acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, and methacrylamide, respectively, which are neurotoxic in in vivo studies. N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide, which is not reported to be neurotoxic, however, showed the lowest ED50 value, 0.2 mM, indicating that it was most potently toxic to neuronal cells. The results suggest the necessity of a cautious approach to neurotoxicity assessment from culture studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278644
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine in the central nervous system of mice displaying a persistent dyskinesia due to crotononitrile or 2-pentenenitrile (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 64 (1990), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Crotononitrile ; 2-Pentenenitrile ; Serotonergic system ; Dopaminergic system ; Dyskinesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of crotononitrile (4.22 mmol/kg, CRN) or 2-pentenenitrile (2.00 mmol/kg, 2-PN), which exhibit long-term dyskinesia, was examined on the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in five brain regions of mice 1, 5, 12 and 35 days after dosing with CRN or 2-PN or vehicle (0.1 ml/25 g). One day after injection, CRN increased the level of the following substances and the ratio of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT: 5-HT in medulla oblongata plus pons (144% of control); 5-HIAA in cortex (162%), striatum (166%), medulla oblongata plus pons (212%), hypothalamus (146%) and midbrain (167%); 5-HIAA/5-HT in medulla oblongata plus pons (148%) and midbrain (133%). The changes caused by 2-PN were as follows: DA levels in cortex (176% of control, 35 days after dosing); HVA levels in striatum (136%, 1 day); 5-HT levels in hypothalamus (141%, 35 days); 5-HIAA levels in striatum (150%, 1 day), medulla oblongata plus pons (159%, 1 day) and midbrain (146%, 1 day); 5-HIAA/5-HT in striatum (153%, 1 day) and midbrain (134%, 1 day). The results suggest that changes in the 5-HT system are involved in the appearance of the dyskinetic syndrome which was seen in mice 1–2 days after dosing with CRN or 2-PN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010729
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotoxicity of acrylamide and related compounds and their effects on male gonads in mice (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 47 (1981), S. 179-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylamide analogues ; Acrylamide ; N-tert-Butylacrylamide ; Crotonamide ; Diacetone acrylamide ; N,N-Diethylacrylamide ; N,N-Dimethylacrylamide ; N-Hydroxymethylacrylamide ; Iodoacetamide ; N-Isobutoxymethylacrylamide ; N-Isopropylacrylamide ; Methacrylamide ; N-Methylacrylamide ; N,N′-Methylene-bis-acrylamide ; N-tert-Octylacrylamide ; Neuropathy ; Testicular damage ; Phenobarbital ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurotoxicity of acrylamide and related compounds and their effects on the testis after repeated oral doses were studied in mice. Of fourteen analogues tested, five produced neuropathy. In decreasing order of potency as assessed by the rotarod performance test, these were as follows: acrylamide 〉 N-isopropylacrylamide 〉 N-methylacrylamide = methacrylamide 〉 N-hydroxymethylacrylamide. The development of neurotoxicity was either greatly reduced or delayed by phenobarbital treatment. Acrylamide, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide and N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide produced testicular atrophy. Atrophy was either prevented by phenobarbital treatment, as in the cases of acrylamide and N-isopropylacrylamide, or reduced, as in the case of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide. Histological changes in the testis produced by the active compounds were degenerations of the epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules, with the interstitial cells being normal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368678
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anemia and porphyria caused by N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) in Mice and rats (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 50 (1982), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: N,N′-Methylene-bis-acrylamide ; Anemia ; Porphyria ; Mice ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA), a cross-linking agent, on blood and bone marrow after repeated oral doses, were studied in mice and rats. Body weight, three major elements of the blood — erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets — reticulocytes and bone marrow cells, were all reduced in either or both animals, especially in mice. Phenobarbital (PB) treatment did not greatly modify the effects of MBA in mice. An increase in free erythrocyte porphyrins and a decrease in ALA-D activity were observed in both animals. Urinary porphyrins were elevated in rats after MBA-dosing. PB-treatment did not significantly affect the elevation of porphyrins. After cessation of the MBA-dosing, all these changes were inclined to be restored to normal levels. Amounts of liver total porphyrins and microsomal P-450, and red cell fragility were within normal ranges in mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569236
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