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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cricoid pressure on the view at laryngoscopy (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 60 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The impact of cricoid pressure on laryngoscopy is unknown. We have developed a quantitative method of recording the laryngoscopic view using a rigid, zero-degree endoscope. We found that an image matching the laryngoscopist's view could be obtained by positioning the endoscope along the laryngoscopist's ‘line of sight’. Photographing this image allowed us to measure laryngeal exposure. We set out to define the effect of cricoid pressure on laryngoscopy using this method. In 40 patients undergoing elective surgery, laryngoscopy was performed with cricoid pressures of 0–60 N, increasing by increments of 10 N. We photographed the laryngoscopic view at each force and recorded dynamic images as cricoid pressure was released. The change in laryngoscopic view with increasing cricoid pressure fell into one of four broad patterns: little change (11 subjects); gradual deterioration (10 subjects); improvement at low force (〈 20 N) followed by deterioration (9 subjects); improvement at high force (〉 30 N) (10 subjects). We identified five subjects with a good initial view (anteroposterior length of the rima glottidis 〉 5 mm) who showed a marked deterioration in laryngoscopic view as cricoid pressure increased; in three of these subjects this progressed to obscure the larynx completely at a force of 30 N, 40 N and 60 N, respectively. We conclude that the effect of cricoid pressure on laryngoscopy is complex. However, in some individuals, a force close to that currently recommended (30 N) may cause a complete loss of the glottic view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.04010.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaesthesia for Stiff–Person Syndrome (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2002.2520_24.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor block in regional anaesthesia (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A device based on a load cell was constructed to measure the strength of foot dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. Performance of the device was evaluated for both movements. The influence of foot position within the device, its use over a 30-min period at 30-s intervals and the effect of the removal and reapplication of the device on measured force of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion was studied in six volunteers. Both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are suitable movements on which to base a device to quantify the density of motor block during the onset and offset of neuraxial block. Dorsiflexion has a number of advantages: muscle strength is independent of knee position, and therefore a below-knee device can be constructed; strength of dorsiflexion is less affected by the foot position; we found the device easier to apply using dorsiflexion as the heel tended to self-locate; innervation of the muscles responsible for dorsiflexion involves fewer spinal segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2001.02222.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intragastric pressure and its relevance to protective cricoid force (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cricoid pressure is frequently used to protect the anaesthetised and paralysed patient from passive regurgitation. Although intragastric pressure (Pga) drives regurgitation, its relevance in the setting of protective cricoid force has been largely ignored. We sought to define the likely range of Pga encountered in the population at risk. We studied 100 consecutive patients presenting for surgery requiring mechanical ventilation. We measured respiratory swings in Pga during mechanical ventilation in the paralysed state following rapid sequence induction (n = 24) and routine induction of anaesthesia (n = 76). Pga (mmHg) in the whole group recorded at end-inspiration (Pga-In) and end-expiration (Pga-Ex) was [mean (SD)]: Pga-In 6.48 (2.60) mmHg and Pga-Ex 3.23 (2.24) mmHg. We found no correlation between Pga and body mass index (r2 = 0.018). These findings have implications for the level of cricoid force required to protect a patient during the induction of anaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03359.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implicit relationship prototypes: Investigating five theories of the cognitive organization of social relationships
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 28 (1992), S. 441-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-1031
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(92)90041-H
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Categories of social relationship
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Cognition 53 (1994), S. 59-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0010-0277
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0010-0277(94)90077-9
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