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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Insect Physiology 39 (1993), S. 545-547 
    ISSN: 0022-1910
    Keywords: Diptera ; Sexual selection ; Sperm competition
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 28 (1972), S. 982-983 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of the honeybee (Apis mellifica), it was found that the rRNA content decreases rapidly during the first 2 days of adult life. An increase is observed from days 3 to 5, followed by another decrease to a level inferior to that of day 2 to 3. Except for a rise on the 5th day, 4s RNA remains constant. An unidentified RNA fraction of low molecular weight (D) sharply decreases on day 5. The possibility is discussed that these results reflect changes in RNA metabolism that can be related to the sequences of activity observed in the bees during the first 9 days after hatching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahlen von 40 Ameisenarten werden mitgeteilt. Für 22 Arten wird zusätzlich der Karyotyp vorgelegt. Die haploiden Chromosomenzahlen bewegen sich zwischen n=8 und n=26. Bemerkenswert sind die Karyotypen der GattungLasius. Diese Karyotypen besitzen, abgesehen von einem oder zwei mediozentrischen Paaren, ausschliesslich acrozentrische Chromosomen. Alle übrigen Karyotypen bestehen überwiegend aus medio- bzw. submediozentrischen Chromosomen. In der GattungCamponotus entspricht die Gruppierung in Untergattungen auch einer Gruppierung von unterschiedlichen Chromosomenzahlen. Für die GattungenAphœnogaster undLeptothorax gilt diese Entsprechung nicht.
    Notes: Summary The chromosome numbers of 40 ant species are reported. For 22 species the karyotypes as well as the chromosome numbers are presented. The chromosome numbers range between n=8 and n=26. Remarkable karyotypes are those of the genusLasius in exhibiting mainly acrocentric chromosomes. In all other karyotypes the majority of chromosomes show medio- or submediocentric centromere position. Differences in chromosome numbers in the genusCamponotus reflect the grouping in subgenera with the exception ofTanœmyrmex. This pattern is not true for the generaAphœnogaster andLeptothorax, where a variety of chromosome numbers were found in the different subgenera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 34 (1987), S. 280-290 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Maennchen vonFormica exsecta aus zwei Alpentaelern gehoeren zwei verschiedenen Groessenklassen an, Micraner und Macraner genannt. Es wurden Nester mit beiden Groessenklassen, aber auch solche mit nur je einer gefunden. Um zu untersuchen, ob beide Maennchenklassen haploid oder eine diploid war, wurden die Chromosomezahlen in maennlichen Vorpuppen ermittelt und der relative DNA-Wert von einzelnen Gehirnzellen adulter Maennchen bestimmt. Die ueberwiegende Anzahl aller Metaphaseplatten in Gehirnen von Maennchen beider Groessenklassen zeigte die haploide Chromosomenzahl. Der Rest der Metaphasen hatte 2n oder 4n Chromosomensaetze. Arbeiterinnen enthielten ueberwiegend diploide und daneben einige tetraploide Chromosomensaetze im Gehirn. Ein Unterschied zwischen Micranern und Macranern war der Prozentsatz Zellen, die mehr als n Chromosomen hatten. In Macranern waren 90 oder mehr Prozent der Zellen haploid, waehrend in Micranern prozentual weniger haploide Zellen gefunden wurden. Dagegen enthielten nur Micraner Chromosomensaetze mit mehr als 2n. Die DNA-Messungen ergaben aehnliche Resultate. Beide Maennchentypen zeigten den gleichen niedrigen DNA-Wert, niedriger als der der Arbeiterinnen. Uebereinstimmend mit den Chromosomenzaehlungen hatten die Macraner nur eine Klasse hoeherer DNA-Werte. In Macranern wurde zusaetzlich eine Klasse DNA-Werte gefunden, die niedriger, war, als die, welche die n Chromosomenzahl repraesentiert. Diese Werte stammen vermutlich von degenerierenden Kernen. Beide Maennchentypen enthalten Spermien. Die vorliegenden Daten lassen den Schluss zu, dass beiF. exsecta die Maennchengroessenklassen nicht auf einen Haploidie-Diploidie-Mechanismus zurueckzufuehren sind. Einen Unterschied zwischen Micranern und Macranern ergab jedoch die Haeufigkeit endomitotischer Zyklen im Gehirn, also Verdoppellung der Chromosomenzahl ohne anschliessende Zellteilung. In den Gehirnen von Macranern wurden nur Zellen gefunden, die maximal einen endomitotischen Zyklus durchlaufen hatten. Micraner dagegen enthielten Mitosen mit einem vierfachen Choromosomensatz, entstanden durch zwei aufeinander folgende endomitotische Zyklen.
    Notes: Summary Males ofFormica exsecta from two alpine valleys were found to belong to two significantly different size classes, called micraner and macraner. Nests contained either one or the other or both male types. Tot test whether both male types were haploid or one was diploid, chromosome numbers in brain cells from prepupae were counted and the relative DNA value of single nuclei from adult brains was determined. Most of the metaphase plates in brains from micraner as well as from macraner turned out to be haploid. The rest of the metaphases showed a 2n or 4n chromosome set. Workers had diploid brain cells together with some 4n cells. A difference between micraner and macraner was the percentage of cells with more than n chromosomes. All macraner had 90% or more haploid cells in their brain while the percentage of haploid cells in micraner could be much lower, as low as 59%. Only micraner showed chromosome numbers higher than 2n. DNA measurements gave principally the same result. Both male types exhibited the same low DNA value, lower than worker brain cells. In agreement with the chromosome countings, macraner had only one class of cells with a higher DNA value. In addition to the DNA values which are thought to represent the chromosome numbers n and 2n, lower values were found in macraner which are interpreted as degenerating nuclei. Both male types contained sperm. The presented results show that inF. exsecta differences in male size are not induced by a haploid-diploid mechanism. All males were haploid. However, the frequency of endomitotic cycles, the doubling of the chromosome number without subsequent cell division, was lower in macraner than in micraner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 29 (1973), S. 892-893 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus Gehirnen von Bienen verschiedener Altersstufen wurden DNS und RNS extrahiert und deren Mengen spektrophotometrisch bestimmt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 1424-1425 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An feulgengefärbten G0-Kernen der Corpora pedunculata von Bienengehirnen wurde die relative DNS-Menge photospektrometrisch bestimmt. Die DNS-Werte zwischen verschiedenen Altersstadien differierten bis zu 47%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila subobscura males were trapped in Tunis, and mated to different lab strains. The offspring from 15% of these wild Tunisian males consisted of more than 90% females. Chromosome analysis showed that these males had carried the A2+3+5+7 which was described as ‘sex ratio’ chromosome, endemic in North Africa and the Canary Islands. The mean female frequency in the total offspring of all trapped males was 61%. This percentage was stable for more than ten years. F1 females from the mating of wild Tunisian males to Küsnacht standard females were backcrossed to Küsnacht standard males. In the offspring of this back cross, A2+3+5+7-males were sterile. The fertility of A2+3+5+7-males could be restored in two ways: 1) When the Küsnacht standard autosomes were replaced by Tunisian autosomes, most of the A2+3+5+7-males were again fertile. The A2+3+5+7-chromosome seems to be incompatible with autosomes from a geographically distant region. 2) After exchanging autosomes between lines, in which A2+3+5+7-males were 100% sterile, fertility could be restored in 30% of the A2+3+5+7-males. All males carrying one specific A2+3+5+7 stayed sterile as well in combination with outosomes from different lines as with Tunisian autosomes. The Y-chromosome and the cytoplasm was the same in sterile and in fertile A2+3+5+7-males. Therefore the origin of the Y-chromosome and the cytoplasm could not play a major role in sterility. The percentage of fertile males varied for different Y-chromosomes. Thus the Y-chromosomes may have some influence on fertility in this study. The restored fertility of A2+3+5+7-males can be explained assuming complementation. Defects of autosomes, and perhaps of the Y-chromosomes, could differ from line to line. Genomic changes may have happened when the A2+3+5+7 was in the genome together with autosomes and Y-chromosomes from Swiss populations. The A-chromosome which prevented fertility in all combinations, is thought to be itself defective. In one cross the ‘sex ratio’ trait was modified. In the offspring of some males the male to female ratio was 1:1. The variable sex ratio in the offspring from different males may have been an effect of the autosomes. In short, the intraspecific hybrid sterility and modification of the ‘sex ratio’ trait inD. subobscura indicate that: a) an incompatibility possibly existed between the gene arrangement A2+3+5+7 from one population and autosomes respectively Y-chromosomes from a population isolated from the former. b) In addition unidentified genomic changes occurred c) induced by the A2+3+5+7-chromosome. d) The sex chromosomes A and Y, and the autosomes were involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetica 46 (1976), S. 459-477 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Drosophila subobscura has 128 spermatids per cyst, enclosed by two cyst cells. At beginning of elongation in control males the spermatid nuclei surround the head cyst cell nucleus, in sex ratio males nuclei are found throughout the cyst. Spermatid nuclei can elongate in any position in the cyst. Nuclei can be eliminated during individualization or degenerate after individualization. The number of sperm in any wrong position in the cyst varies in control males from 0 to about ten, in sex ratio males from 0 to more than 50. Two cyst sizes are distinguishable. At beginning of elongation small cysts have homogeneously stained spherical nuclei which later on are rod like. Large cysts have granulated nuclei which at first become spindle shaped and then slender. The length of the DNA containing part of elongated sperm heads of the long class is about 33 μm in sex ratio and control males. The small sperm heads are 15 μm in sex ratio but 20 μm in control males. The complete DNA-containing-sperm-length is about 10% less in short sperm and 5% less in long sperm of sex ratio males than in those of control. Sex ratio males have more cysts per testis than control males. In sex ratio we counted 53.8%, in control males 49.4% short cysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila subobscura sex ratio (SR) males, a mechanism compensating for the loss of Y-sperm is present since these males produced a higher number of female offspring than did males of three control strains. Moreover, the number of female offspring from SR-males was even higher (average 1719) than the number of female and male offspring together (average 1460) from T2, one of the control strains. The fertile life span of SR-males was found to lie between those of the control strains. The rate of insemination was the same for SR- and control males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The normal male of Drosophila subobscura displays polymegaly, which is the presence of two sizes of spermatozoa in the same testis. It is still unknown whether both kinds of sperm are able to fertilize the egg. An indicator of normal functioning of Drosophila spermatozoa is the replacement of the somatic histones by sperm-specific arginine-rich nucleoproteins during spermiogenesis. The appearance of these arginine-rich nucleoproteins in the two kinds of sperm was investigated using the fluorescent dye sulfoflavine, which stains basic proteins at pH 8. In the spherical nuclei of early spermatids of Drosophila subobscura the somatic histones fluoresced strongly, but fluorescence could not be detected in later stages when the spermatid nuclei were elongating. After elongation, however, the nuclei of both kinds of sperm, long and short, fluoresced brightly again, due to the presence of sperm-specific arginine-rich nucleoproteins. Half of the cysts of both types contained spermatid nuclei with aberrant fluorescent pattern including 5–9% of both cyst types which do not undergo histone transition at all. These results indicate that both sperm types may be functional.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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