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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A behavioral and pharmacological analysis of reinforcement withdrawal (1970)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1970), S. 345-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cholinolytics ; Reinforcement Withdrawal ; Cholinergic System ; Extinction ; Stimulus Control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A discrete trial lever-pressing situation was developed for measuring the behavior of rats during repeated periods of reinforcement withdrawal following periods of 100% or 50% reinforcement. Behavior during the reinforcement and withdrawal period trials was learned rapidly and remained stable under the standard conditions. Atropine, scopolamine, d-amphetamine, and other compounds produced orderly, dose-related changes in withdrawal period trial responding. Relations between the effects of different types of compounds and parameters of the behavioral system were investigated in order to determine the generality of the drug results. Withdrawal period trial responding under control or drug conditions did not depend on whether the withdrawal period terminated after 20 trials, or whether it terminated as soon as the rat had not pressed the lever for three consecutive trials. The rats responded on more withdrawal period trials following 50% reinforcement than following 100% reinforcement, but the proportional increase in responding produced by drugs was similar for both schedules. The effects on withdrawal period behavior of presenting a tone either 1. throughout the withdrawal period, 2. at the beginning of the withdrawal period, or 3. of removing the tone entirely were examined in order to define precisely the discriminative stimuli controlling the behavior and the nature of the changes produced by drugs. While a tone present throughout the withdrawal period controlled responding under nondrug conditions, withdrawal period responding following administration of atropine, scopolamine, or d-amphetamine was essentially the same whether or not the tone was present. It was therefore concluded that these drugs selectively impaired inhibitory stimulus control of responding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404846
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous avoidance as a base-line for measuring behavioral effects of drugs (1962)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 3 (1962), S. 264-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A procedure was developed for using continuous avoidance responding as a base line for measuring the potencies and other behavioral characteristics of the action of drugs. Minimum effective doses are given for drugs that depressed avoidance behavior and for drugs that stimulated avoidance behavior. The Dose Range Ratio — a measure of the range of doses over which a drug altered continuous avoidance behavior without severely incapacitating the animal — ranged the depressant compounds on a continuum in which chlordiazepoxide analogs had high Dose Range Ratios, hypnotics and primary muscle relaxants had low Dose Range Ratios, and the phenothiazine and reserpine-type tranquilizers and the sedative-hypnotics were intermediate. Examples are presented of the use of the continuous avoidance base line to measure the interaction of drugs, their duration of action, and the effects of repeated drug administration. The continuous avoidance procedure was compared with two other behavioral procedures, discrete avoidance and spontaneous motor activity for stability, versatility, sensitivity, and capability of discriminating between classes of drugs. Although more time consuming than these other methods, it was concluded that continuous avoidance had advantages that amply justified its extensive use both in the routine examination of new drugs and in definitive studies of drug action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411367
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of scopolamine on variable intertrial interval spatial alternation and memory in the rat (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 49 (1976), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Memory ; Storage ; Scopolamine ; Alternating discrimination ; Variable intertrial interval spatial alternation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A repeated measures procedure, variable intertrial interval (ITI) spatial alternation, was used to assess scopolamine effects on memory, and to compare effects of the drug on discrimination processes with effects on storage. Rats learned in two stages to press left and right levers in alternation on discrete trials separated by 5 different ITI's ranging from 2.5 to 40 s and presented in random order during the experimental session. In the first stage, alternating discrimination, alternation was controlled by a light on over the correct lever at the time of the trial; in the second stage, variable ITI spatial alternation, a centrally located panel light signalled all trials and alternation was controlled by stimuli from prior trials (‘memory’). Alternation response occurrence declined moderately (but significantly) with increasing ITI duration in both the alternating discrimination and variable ITI spatial alternation stages; response occurrence was also significantly decreased by scopolamine treatment in both stages. Accuracy of alternating discrimination performance was not significantly altered by either ITI duration or scopolamine treatment. Accuracy of variable ITI spatial alternation performance on a trial varied inversely with the duration of the ITI that preceded the trial. Scopolamine treatment significantly reduced accuracy of lever pressing in variable ITI spatial alternation but did not alter the slope of the curves relating accuracy to ITI duration. These effects indicate that the drug impaired discrimination processes but did not alter memory storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427281
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of scopolamine, atropine, and d-Amphetamine on internal and external control of responding on non-reinforced trials (1970)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 18 (1970), S. 38-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cholinergic Blockers ; Scopolamine ; Atropine ; d-Amphetamine ; Short-Term Memory ; Internal Control ; External Control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats learned not to respond on non-reinforced trials in a discrete trial situation in which trial responses were reinforced only if preceded by three or more non-response trials. Drug effects were measured: 1) when the same external stimuli were present on all trials and trial responding was therefore controlled by events that occurred prior to the trial (“internal control”); and 2) when the external stimuli on trials on which responding was reinforced were different from the external stimuli present on trials on which responding was not reinforced (“external control”). Scopolamine impaired performance (i.e. reduced the percentage of trial responses that were reinforced) to about the same extent under the internal and external control conditions. d-Amphetamine, on the other hand, impaired nonresponding on trials only under internal control conditions. Atropine affected both internally and externally controlled non-responding but had a greater effect on internally controlled non-responding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402382
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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