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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 378-383 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a video low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) system on the basis of a slow scan charge coupled device (CCD) camera which is capable of collecting LEED IV data at very low electron doses quickly and therefore enables us to study extremely beam sensitive surface structures which have not been accessible to LEED IV analysis before. The slow scan CCD camera allows separating the relatively short data acquisition process from the more lengthy digitizing, storage, and data analysis processes. Typical total effective exposure times can therefore be reduced to about 200–300 s (1 s per energy point) at a primary beam current of 100 nA which corresponds to a total dose of about 12 e per adsorbate particle; further decrease is possible. The total measurement time for collecting a complete set of LEED images is of the order of 30–40 min which assures the exclusion of contamination effects, even for sensitive layers. The IV curves are then extracted from the digitally stored images off-line which allows collecting the intensities of all visible spots simultaneously with a high reliability in tracing beams, even for very dense LEED patterns. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is used to probe both the spin and orbital d moments of Co in Co/Pd, Co/Pt, and Co/Ni multilayers, and in a Au/Co-wedge/Pd structure. While the spin moment per Co atom is found to be constant within the experimental error, the orbital moment shows a strong dependence both on the chemical environment and on the thickness of the Co layer. In particular, we find an orbital moment enhancement of up to a factor of three for a Co layer thickness of four atomic layers in the present Au/Co/Pd sandwich structure. This enhancement decays to the bulk Co value, roughly following a 1/dCo dependence, thus confirming its interfacial origin. The relevance of these observations with respect to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in these samples will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 3007-3014 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electro-optical behavior of polymer stabilized cholesteric texture cells has been investigated for three different polymers. The switching process was studied with respect to the electric field dependence of the diffuse reflectivity, diffuse transmittance, and the dynamics of the reorientation process. For certain polymer concentrations, a two-stage reorientation process was observed. This behavior is consistent with the cholesteric liquid crystal being divided between two distinct environments. In the first, the liquid crystal is strongly dominated by the polymer network, while in the second a bulklike behavior, comparable to the unstabilized cholesteric material, is observed. Scanning electron micrographs of the polymer networks further support this model. Measurements of the diffuse scattering indicate that the polymer influenced regions contribute largely to the observed back scattering, whereas the bulklike material contributes primarily to forward scattering. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 2454-2456 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Monomer solubility is identified as the primary factor determining network morphology in polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal textures. Poorly soluble monomers form coarse structures composed of discrete, oblong grains, whereas soluble monomers yield smooth, continuous polymer networks. A crossover from smooth to grainy structure is observed as a function of monomer concentration. The grainy structure results from precipitation polymerization and the observed behavior is well described by the Flory–Huggins theory of polymer solubility. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 1501-1503 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Macroscopic quantum tunneling imposes an upper limit on the areal density of magnetic disk drives. We derive a general expression for this limit, and apply it to Co-alloy-based longitudinally recorded media, as well as to potential future media based on the high anisotropy material FePt. We estimate the temperature at which the switching rate due to quantum tunneling becomes comparable to the thermally activated switching rate. This is the lowest temperature to which a magnetic storage device can be cooled with the expectation of increasing the areal density by enhancing stability against spontaneous switching. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 11305-11312 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detailed structural determination of the Ni{111}–((square root of)7×(square root of)7)R19.1°–C6H6 overlayer has been performed using automated fully dynamical low energy electron diffraction I–V analysis. In the most likely geometry (RP = 0.26, total energy range: 1552 eV) benzene adsorbs with its center 1.91 A(ring) above an hcp site and with its C–C bonds oriented parallel to the close-packed rows of the substrate. The molecular radius is found to be slightly expanded relative to the gas phase (1.48 A(ring) and 1.50 A(ring) vs 1.40 A(ring)) and no significant vertical buckling can be seen (〈 0.04±0.05 A(ring)). The topmost Ni layer is strongly buckled (0.14 A(ring)) with the height of the Ni atoms decreasing with increasing lateral distance from the molecule (+0.08, 0.00, and –0.06 A(ring) with respect to the clean surface). A second similarly low RP factor minimum for adsorption on a bridge site was dismissed because of significantly higher R1 and R2 values and the extreme molecular distortions of this geometry. The resulting structure is fully consistent with recent UPS and PED studies. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 115 (2001), S. 1902-1908 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the initial stages of surface oxidation of pseudomorphic Ni monolayers on Cu(111). Oxygen was adsorbed at 150 K followed by annealing the sample to 300 K and 600 K, respectively. For oxygen coverages between 0.4 ML and 2.0 ML we find little change in the peak shapes of the O 1s XPS signal. The Ni 2p3/2 spectra change, however, drastically: the onset of the oxidation is marked by the appearance of a peak doublet shifted with respect to the peak of metallic Ni. Based on these spectra we find a minimum oxygen coverage of 0.7 ML necessary for the onset of oxidation. The oxidation is nearly complete after the adsorption of about 2.0 ML oxygen. The exposure of different Ni coverages (0.5–2.0 ML) to oxygen shows that oxidation takes place only in the top-most Ni layer. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Histopathology 7 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Based on histopathological examination of 264 exocrine pancreatic tumours (167 autopsy and 97 surgical) from the files of the Institute of Pathology, University of Hamburg, over a 15-yr period (1966–1980), a histogenetic classification is proposed. In addition to the more common neoplasms this also includes rarer and more recently defined entities. Of the 264 tumours, 250 were of duct origin, 10 acinar and four of uncertain histogenesis. Ductal adenocarcinoma, subdivided into a well-differentiated and a poorly-differentiated type, was most frequent (81.1%), followed by its variants: pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma 5·3%, adenosquamous carcinoma 3·8%, and mucinous carcinoma 1.1%. All these had a poor prognosis. Serous cystadenoma (1.1%), mucinous cystic tumour (1.5%) and intraductal papilloma (0.8%), which were rare tumours and mostly apparent in surgical material, proved to be benign or of only latent malignancy. The group of tumours of acinar cell origin consisted of the solid and cystic tumour (2.7%) with favourable prognosis and the acinar cell carcinoma (1.1%). No pancreatoblastoma was observed. The pleomorphic carcinomas of the small cell type (1.5%) were classed as tumours of uncertain histogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0039-6028
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Surface Science 316 (1994), S. 92-102 
    ISSN: 0039-6028
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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