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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light scattering in p-type GaAs:Ge (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 2388-2395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present in this work the results of a Raman spectroscopy study on the plasmon–phonon coupling in Ge-doped p-type gallium arsenide. A series of polarized Raman scattering experiments were carried out on epitaxial films grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on (100) GaAs substrates at 20, 100, and 300 K. The films were p type with free hole densities varying in the range of 5×1017–1×1020 cm−3. Under the scattering configurations employed, the longitudinal optical (LO) mode is forbidden for crossed polarization while the transverse optical (TO) mode is forbidden for both parallel and crossed polarizations. However, all the polarized Raman spectra showed two peaks with frequencies close to the TO and LO phonons of semi-insulating GaAs. The appearance of such forbidden modes was accounted for with a theoretical model which considers phonon–plasmon coupled modes with wave vectors much larger than those given by the regular q≈0 wave vector transferred by photons. Ionized acceptor impurities provide such additional wave vector transfer through elastic scattering of the photoexcited electrons and holes. It is demonstrated that the experimental values for position and linewidth of the peaks are well described by the theoretical calculations when Fröhlich-type and deformation potential mechanisms are considered as means of interaction. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363074
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural study of gold single crystals produced by colloidal methods (1991)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 7 (1991), S. 1546-1549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00055a044
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical analysis of early failures in electromigration (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 732-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The detection of early failures in electromigration (EM) and the complicated statistical nature of this important reliability phenomenon have been difficult issues to treat in the past. A satisfactory experimental approach for the detection and the statistical analysis of early failures has not yet been established. This is mainly due to the rare occurrence of early failures and difficulties in testing of large sample populations. Furthermore, experimental data on the EM behavior as a function of varying number of failure links are scarce. In this study, a technique utilizing large interconnect arrays in conjunction with the well-known Wheatstone Bridge is presented. Three types of structures with a varying number of Ti/TiN/Al(Cu)/TiN-based interconnects were used, starting from a small unit of five lines in parallel. A serial arrangement of this unit enabled testing of interconnect arrays encompassing 480 possible failure links. In addition, a Wheatstone Bridge-type wiring using four large arrays in each device enabled simultaneous testing of 1920 interconnects. In conjunction with a statistical deconvolution to the single interconnect level, the results indicate that the electromigration failure mechanism studied here follows perfect lognormal behavior down to the four sigma level. The statistical deconvolution procedure is described in detail. Over a temperature range from 155 to 200 °C, a total of more than 75 000 interconnects were tested. None of the samples have shown an indication of early, or alternate, failure mechanisms. The activation energy of the EM mechanism studied here, namely the Cu incubation time, was determined to be Q=1.08±0.05 eV. We surmise that interface diffusion of Cu along the Al(Cu) sidewalls and along the top and bottom refractory layers, coupled with grain boundary diffusion within the interconnects, constitutes the Cu incubation mechanism. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1377304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selected error sources in resistance measurements on superconductors (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 3332-3339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In order to investigate the causes that produce some of the unwanted effects observed in the resistance versus temperature profiles, a variety of sources of error for resistance measurements in superconductors, using a standard four-probe configuration, have been studied. A piece of superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x ceramic material has been used as the test sample, and the resulting effects in both accuracy and precision in its temperature dependent resistance are reported here. Studied measurement error sources include thermal emf's, temperature sweep rates, Faraday currents, electrical-contact failures at the sample's surface, thermal contractions at mechanically attached instrumental wires, external electromagnetic fields, and slow sampling rates during data acquisition. Details of the experimental setup and its measurement error function are also given. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1386899
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endoreversible thermal cycle with a nonlinear heat transfer law (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2216-2219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We calculate the efficiency of an endoreversible Carnot-type cycle in the maximum power regime by using a nonlinear heat transfer law (the so-called Dulong and Petit's law of cooling). The results obtained from this model compare well (around 99% in some cases) with observed efficiencies for several power plants. The considered law of cooling includes conductive- convective and radiative contributions to the heat exchange between the working fluid and its surroundings. Our calculations improve considerably those obtained by means of a linear heat transfer law for the same power sources. We also analyze a nuclear power plant using an ecological optimization criterion for finite-time heat engines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354728
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method for measurement of the thermal diffusivity in solids: Application to metals, semiconductors, and thin materials (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 6327-6329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present a method for determining the thermal diffusivity in opaque solids by means of an analysis of the photoacoustic phase signal at low modulation frequencies using the open-cell photoacoustic technique. We show for f≤(π/2)2fc, where fc is the modulation frequency at which the thermal diffusion length matches the sample thickness, the photoacoustic phase signal can be written in linear form with the modulation frequency f. Then, obtaining the proportionality coefficient by fitting the experimental data, the thermal diffusivity of the sample can be determined. The advantage of this method is that it is realized in a range of modulation frequencies below those normally used, hence, the photoacoustic signal should be alone attributed to the mechanism of thermal diffusion. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio will be more reliable. This method was tested in some samples and it is also shown to be important in solids with high diffusivity values and thin materials. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368957
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface characteristics of thin films prepared by plasma and electrochemical polymerizations (1984)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 88 (1984), S. 3333-3337 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150659a039
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection and analysis of early failures in electromigration (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 843-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The early failure issue in electromigration (EM) has been an unresolved subject of study over the last several decades. A satisfying experimental approach for the detection and analysis of early failures has not been established yet. In this study, a technique utilizing large interconnect arrays in conjunction with the well-known Wheatstone Bridge is presented. A total of more than 20 000 interconnects were tested. The results indicate that the EM failure mechanism studied here follows lognormal behavior down to the four sigma level. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125603
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemoimmunotherapy of cancer. 1 (1974)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 17 (1974), S. 918-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00255a002
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Respiration of Apple Slices in Modified-Atmosphere Packages (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modified-atmosphere packaging was used to provide respiratory data for apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) slices at 0, 5, 10 and 15°C. The maximum rate of O2 uptake increased with increasing temperature. The lowest O2 partial pressure to which fruit could be exposed without fermentation also increased with increasing temperature. A mathematical model of film permeability data characterized the effect of fruit mass, film permeability to O2, activation energy of O2 permeation, temperature, and the film type, area, and thickness on O2 partial pressure for hermetically packaged apple slices. The model identified a minimum (fruit mass filmthickness)/(film area) ratio for apple slices, which would simplify package design calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb09870.x
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