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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responsiveness to cocaine challenge in adult rats following prenatal exposure to cocaine (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 116 (1994), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Drug discrimination ; Locomotor activity ; Teratology ; Prenatal drug exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult rats that were gestationally exposed to cocaine and control offspring were examined for their sensitivity to challenge doses of cocaine. Offspring were derived from Sprague-Dawley dams that had received subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg per 3 cc cocaine hydrochloride daily on gestational days 8–20, pair-fed dams that were injected with saline, and nontreated control dams. In order to investigate the sensitivity to challenge doses of cocaine, offspring were assessed in adulthood for locomotor activity, cocaine drug discrimination, and the time course of cocaine in brain tissue following acute cocaine challenge. Adult offspring prenatally exposed to cocaine were observed to exhibit a reduced sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine as evidenced by a significant shift to the right in the dose-response curve of cocaine discrimination. No prenatal treatment effects were observed in terms of the temporal patterns of cocaine discrimination or with regard to brain levels of cocaine. In addition, baseline locomotor activity and locomotor responses to challenge doses of cocaine were comparable across the prenatal treatment groups. Thus, prenatal cocaine exposure reduced sensitivity of offspring to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine without altering either the distribution of cocaine to the brain or the sensitivity of the offspring to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244870
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opiate withdrawal signs precipitated by naloxone following a single exposure to morphine: potentiation with a second morphine exposure (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 129 (1997), S. 56-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Opiates ; Morphine ; Dependence ; Acute dependence ; Withdrawal ; Abstinence ; Naloxone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies in humans with no prior history of opiate abuse indicated that naloxone-precipitated signs of opiate withdrawal could be observed after a single exposure to morphine, and that the severity of withdrawal was enhanced following a second morphine exposure 24 h later. The current study was conducted to establish a paradigm in rodents that resembled these conditions described in humans. To that end, naloxone-precipitated (0.03–3.0 mg/kg) suppression of operant response rates and somatic signs of withdrawal following single or repeated treatments with morphine (5.0 mg/kg) were assessed in previously opiate-naive rats. In one group of rats, naloxone was administered 4 h after both the first and second morphine pretreatment, while in a separate group of rats naloxone was administered 4h after the second morphine pretreatment only. A single morphine pretreatment significantly increased naloxone’s potency to suppress operant response rates, and resulted in the precipitation by naloxone of certain somatic signs of withdrawal. The effects of naloxone on both dependent measures (operant response rates and somatic signs) were potentiated following a second morphine pretreatment, regardless of whether naloxone was administered following both morphine exposures or only following the second morphine exposure. Thus, repeated morphine administration appears to be the critical factor underlying the progressive increase in antagonist potency, whereas prior experience with naloxone is not a necessary factor. The results provide additional support for the hypothesis that the development of dependence on opiates is a progressive phenomenon that may begin with a single dosing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050162
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic variable stress or chronic morphine facilitates immobility in a forced swim test: reversal by naloxone (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Stress ; CVS ; Morphine ; Forced swim ; Naloxone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behaviors displayed in a forced swim test were investigated in rats previously exposed to a chronic variable stress treatment or chronic administration of morphine. In addition, to further explore the participation of an endogenous opiate mechanism in these behavioral effects, naloxone was either administered during the chronic treatment (prior to each stress or morphine exposure) or immediately prior to the forced swim test. Animals were submitted daily to a different stressor for 1 week or injected with morphine (10 mg/kg, IP) for 6 days, whereas controls were unmanipulated except for the injection process. On the day following the last stressor, control and stressed animals were administered saline or naloxone (2 mg/kg, IP) 15 min prior to the forced swim test. Morphine treated animals were similarly tested on the third day following the last morphine injection. In a separate group of rats, naloxone (2 mg/kg, IP) was administered daily 10 min prior to each stressor of the chronic stress regime or each daily morphine injection. A significant increase in the time spent in immobility was observed in stressed animals as well as in rats chronically treated with morphine. In both groups, this potentiated immobility was attenuated by naloxone pretreatment prior to the forced swim test or when given before each daily stressor or morphine injection. In addition, the concurrent exposure to stress or morphine along with naloxone administration enhanced struggling in the first 5 min of the forced swim test. Taken together, the results of these experiments support the conclusion that the increase in immobility seen following chronic variable stress or repeated morphine exposure is modulated by the activation of an endogenous opiate mechanism, given that this effect is attenuated by naloxone administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02249333
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for behavioral sensitization to cocaine in preweanling rat pups (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 138 (1998), S. 114-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cocaine ; Behavioral sensitization ; Ontogeny ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract While chronic intermittent administration of stimulants often induces behavioral sensitization in adulthood, stimulant sensitization has rarely been reported prior to weaning [around postnatal day (P) 21]. Consistent pairing of drug administration with the test context often facilitates sensitization in adults, yet young animals have been typically returned to the home cage immediately post-injection. To determine whether promoting context-dependent sensitization might facilitate expression of sensitization in preweanlings, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected daily from P14 to P20 with 0, 5, 15, or 30 mg/kg cocaine HC1 and placed for 30 min in either the experimental chamber or home cage. On P21 (test day), subjects were challenged with either 15 mg/kg cocaine or saline prior to placement in the experimental chamber. Significant sensitization of cocaine-induced stereotyped head movements was evident in animals given 15 or 30 mg/kg chronically in the experimental chamber, but not when these same doses were given in the home cage. Less consistent evidence for cocaine-induced sensitization was seen when examining locomotion, although trends for sensitization of this behavior were seen in animals chronically injected in either the test chamber or home cage. Thus, preweanlings can exhibit cocaine sensitization, particularly in terms of stereotypy, when tested shortly after the chronic exposure period, with expression of this sensitization being facilitated by pairing the chronic injections with the test context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050653
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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