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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential activity of carrageenan to enhance antibacterial host-defense systems in mice (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of infection and chemotherapy 1 (1995), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the influences of carrageenan, generally known to be a selective cytotoxic agent for macrophages, on the antibacterial host-defense systems such as the chemotactic responses to heat-killed bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in the pleural cavity and interleukin-1 production by pleural macrophages. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg of carrageenan, there were no significant differences in the total and differential cell counts in lavaged fluid from the pleural cavity in carrageenan-pretreated and control mice. After intrapleural injection of heat-killedKlebsiella pneumoniae DT-S or lipopolysaccharide of this strain, significantly greater amounts of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils, accumulated at 24 hrs in the pleural cavity of carrageenan-pretreated mice compared with control mice (P〈0.05). Pleural macrophages obtained from carrageenan-pretreated mice produced more interleukin-1 in response to heat-killedK. pneumoniae DT-S or lipopolysaccharide than the control. Pretreatment with carrageenan significantly prolonged survival of mice against intrapleural challenge withK. pneumoniae DT-S. All 13 control mice died within 48 of inoculation with 9.2×106 organisms per mouse, whereas 11 of 13 carrageenan-pretreated mice survived (P〈0.001). These results indicate that carrageenan pretreatment enhances the chemotactic responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the pleural cavity and interleukin-1 production by pleural macrophages. In some experimental conditions, this polysaccharide may act as a macrophage priming agent, instead of macrophage blocker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347730
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two coincidental isolated cases of Legionnaires' disease diagnosed by PCR and cured by combination therapy with clarithromycin and rifampicin (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of infection and chemotherapy 2 (1996), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Keywords: Legionnaires' disease ; Legionella pneumophila ; polymerase chain reaction ; clarithromycin ; rifampicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report 2 cases of Legionnaires' disease that occurred in the same town in Japan at the end of October, 1994. Patient 1 was a 66-year-old male with well-controlled diabetes mellitus, while patient 2 was a previously healthy 46-year-old male. Both patients developed fever and general fatigue on admission, accompanied by disturbances of consciousness in patient 2. The clinical course in both patients showed progressive hypoxemia, expansion of pulmonary infiltration on chest x-ray, severe inflammatory reactions including reduced peripheral lymphocytes, and elevation of transaminases, LDH, and CPK. Both patients recovered completely following the administration of clarithromycin and rifampicin. Although no organism of anyLegionella species was isolated from clinical specimens,Legionella rDNAs were detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification using LEG primers in bronchial secretions from patient 1 and a pleural effusion from patient 2, andLegionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen was detected in the urine and pleural effusion of patient 2. The microagglutination test for the detection of serum anti-Legionella antibodies confirmed that the causative organism in patient 1 wasL. pneumophila serogroup 4 orLegionella dumoffii, and in patient 2,L. pneumophila serogroup 1A, suggesting that the 2 cases did not represent an outbreak, but were isolated cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02351573
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of motility in the endogenousPseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis after burn (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of infection and chemotherapy 2 (1996), S. 240-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Keywords: burn ; sepsis ; motility ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the relationship between bacterial motility and the lethal endogenous sepsis after burn in mice orally challenged withPseudomonas aeruginosa, by using motility mutants. The mortality rates of postburn endogenous sepsis in mice orally challenged with low-motility mutants (strains B16–40 and B16–46) were 12% and 7.7%, respectively. By contrast, the mortality rates in mice who had been fed a high-motility mutant (B16–52) or the parentalP. aeruginosa B16 (a high-motility strain) were 36% and 33%, respectively. Significant differences were found for mortality rates in groups fed the high-motility or lowmotility strains. A multiple regression analysis examining the effect of motility, number of cecalP. aeruginosa cells, and production of exotoxin A and total protease on the murine mortality rates associated with the 3 motility mutants and the parental strain showed a linear relationship between murine mortality and bacterial motility. In addition, when human monoclonal antibody specific for type-b flagella proteins ofP. aeruginosa was intravenously administrated to mice orally challenged withP. aeruginosa B16, the mortality rate significantly decreased to 5.6%, compared with 33% in similar mice given intravenous saline. These results suggest that the occurrence of the lethal endogenous sepsis after burn in mice was closely related to the motility of theP. aeruginosa colonized in their intestinal tract, and that motility is an important virulence factor in endogenousP. aeruginosa sepsis after burn injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02355121
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effectiveness of intravenous minocycline in patients with mycoplasmal pneumonia (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of infection and chemotherapy 2 (1996), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Keywords: Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; mycoplasmal pneumonia ; minocycline ; bacterial elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen patients with mycoplasmal pneumonia were administered intravenous minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic with long-acting effects. Excellent therapeutic effects were observed both clinically and bacteriologically. The organism was eliminated in a shorter period of time compared to other antibiotics used for the treatment ofMycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Aside from 1 patient who experienced nausea and vomiting and was taken off minocycline, no other adverse effects were noted in these patients. Minocycline should be strongly considered as therapy for mycoplasmal pneumonia because it may completely eradicate the organism within 7 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02351571
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiological studies of four patients extensively burned by the pyroclastic flow of Mt. Fugen in Unzen, Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of infection and chemotherapy 2 (1996), S. 136-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Keywords: burn ; septicemia ; infection ; pulmonary injury ; drug resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serial microbiological tests were performed on 4 patients burned by the pyroclastic flow of Mt. Fugen in Unzen, Japan on June 3, 1991. The patients were young (average age, 30 years) and had extensive burns (average total burn surface area, 83%) and inhalation injury. All 4 patients died of multiple organ failure and septicemia. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) andPseudomonas aeruginosa were persistently isolated from bronchial aspirates, burn wounds and the blood until death. There were no differences in isolates among the 3 specimen sites.S. aureus isolated from all patients became resistant to all antibiotics used, and the use of imipenem/cilastatin sodium, and ceftazidime transformedP. aeruginosa to a resistant strain within a short period of time. On the other hand, the sensitivity to gentamicin varied from one patient to another. From a study of the phenotypic character ofS. aureus strains, there was a suggestion of nosocomial infection in 2 patients. Our results demonstrate that extensive burns are usually associated with bacteremia and septicemia. In spite of prudent management with antibiotics, the control of resistant bacteria is difficult. We stress the need for the development of specific therapy for severe infections in burn patients, encompassing immunotherapy, antibiotic treatment, and wound treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02351565
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial translocation of intestinalPseudomonas aeruginosa in post-burn infection of mice (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of infection and chemotherapy 1 (1996), S. 193-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Keywords: endogenous infection ; burn ; bacterial translocation ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The significance of intestinalPseudomonas aeruginosa as a pathogen of post-burn infection in mice was established. Mice with and withoutP. aeruginosa intestinal colonization were scorched with a deep dermal burn by ethanol flame on the shaven back, involving approximately 25% of the total body surface area. Eight hours later,P. aeruginosa of a serotype similar to that previously administered (per os) was detected in the burn site, liver, and spleen ofP. aeruginosa-treated, but not the control, animals. Within three post-burn days, 33.3% of theP. aeruginosa-treated, burned mice died of infection-derived sepsis, whereas none of the control mice died. In addition, when the orally nonabsorbable antibiotics, polymyxin B (12 mg/kg) and vancomycin (30 mg/kg), were administered by intragastric injection toP. aeruginosa-treated mice immediately after burn exposure, the mortality rate significantly decreased to 16.1±6.1% compared with 35.0±5.0% in similarly colonized, burned mice not given these oral antibiotics (P〈0.05). These findings suggest thatP. aeruginosa colonized in the intestinal tract is noxious and can be fatal as a pathogen of post-burn infection. Furthermore, our report suggests that selective digestive decontamination (decontamination of endogenous pathogens in the intestinal tract) is essential in preventing post-burn infection associated with bacterial translocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02350648
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